The subject Biochemistry II is focused on the following main areas:
1) Metabolism of the basic components of the organism: the topics smoothly follow on from the subject of Biochemistry I, in which the students became familiar with the production of energy in the organism (citrate cycle, electron transport chain, ATP production) and with metabolism of carbohydrates. The focus is on the metabolism of lipids, eicosanoids, steroids and lipoproteins, ketogenesis, the metabolism of proteins and amino acids, the formation of urea and its elimination, the metabolism of porphyrins and bile pigments.
2 ) Metabolism of organs and tissues: After mastering knowledge about the individual metabolic pathways, their presence and importance in organs and tissues are discussed - in the blood and kidneys (water and ion metabolism, acid-base balance,
haemostasis and blood coagulation), in the musculoskeletal system (contractile and structural proteins, muscle contraction mechanism, connective tissue metabolism), in the bones, the digestive tract and liver, in fat and nervous tissue.
3) Interrelationships and regulation: Extracellular and intracellular communication, neurohumoral regulation (hormones, neurotransmitters) and interrelationships between organs are described. The basics of xenobiochemistry and immunochemistry are also not neglected.
Study outcomes
1) The student will explain individual metabolic processes, their interconnections and regulation under physiological conditions, which will be useful during the study at different levels in subsequent subjects (physiology, pathological physiology, pharmacology, internal medicine, clinical biochemistry).
2) The student will be able to use the acquired knowledge when solving model case reports.
3) The student will be able to consider the consequences of the imbalance of metabolic processes on the state of health (mainly metabolic diseases).
4) The student will be able to collect and process a biological sample, to manage the basic principles of examination of key analytes and the interpretation of results (at the preclinical level of knowledge).
Poslední úprava: Stoklasová Alena, doc. MUDr., CSc. (06.02.2025)
Cíl předmětu - angličtina
The aim of the course is to gain knowledge about the basic metabolic processes and pathways taking place at the cellular level, to understand them and apply them to biochemical processes in individual tissues and organs, to understand and integrate the principles of their regulation. Analyse the relationship between health and disease from a biochemical point of view. In addition, point out the context between the biochemical approach and that of other subjects such as physiology, pharmacology, toxicology, immunology, internal medicine and clinical biochemistry.
Poslední úprava: Stoklasová Alena, doc. MUDr., CSc. (06.02.2025)
Literatura - angličtina
Compulsory literature
R. Y. Ouellette Introduction to General, Organic and Biological Chemistry. 3rd ed., Mac Millan Publ.Company, New York, 1992. ISBN 0-02-390245-0 (or the latest edition available)
R. K. Murray et al. Harper's Biochemistry. 24th ed., Appleton and Lange, Stamford, USA, 1996.ISBN 0-8385-3612-3. (or the latest edition available)
J.W. Baynes et M. H. Dominiczak Medical Biochemistry. 4th ed., Elsevier 2014. ISBN 978-1-4557-4580-7
Materials prepared by the Department – MOODLE (presentations, lectures, homework materials, worksheets)
Recommend literature
P. C. Champe and R.A.Harvey Biochemistry. Lippincott Co, 1987. ISBN 0-397-50801-8 (or the latest edition available)
Poslední úprava: Stoklasová Alena, doc. MUDr., CSc. (06.02.2025)
Požadavky ke zkoušce - angličtina
Credit:
1) Attendance at classes
Maximum of three absences in classes of Biochemistry II in the semester is allowed. For the first two absences in the semester, you must inform the authorized person in advance, but it is not necessary to provide any documentation. Starting on the 3rd absence and onwards, only cases documented by valid medical certificates or official documents must be sent to authorized person Assoc. Prof. A. Stoklasová. The guarantor of the subject will consider it individually and decides whether the excuse is legitimate and acceptable. The guarantor’s decision is not appealable.
Warning: no late arrivals are tolerated. The doors of lecture rooms will be locked at the scheduled start time of each class.
2) Active participation in classes, documented by
- completed and submitted homework assignments for laboratory classes and seminars (in MOODLE). Homework must be uploaded by 8 p.m. the day before the seminar or laboratory class is held. Missing homework is penalized. In the case of an absence from the class, all homework assignments must be submitted no later than by the end of the semester,
- protocols of attended laboratory classes signed by a teacher. In the case of an absence from the laboratory class, special assignment (defined in respective MOODLE courses) must be completed no later than by the end of the semester.
3) Satisfactory results of examination
- Average from all graded tests, oral examinations, and graded assignments must be at least 3.00 or better. In the case of an absence, substitute tests must be completed no later than by the end of the semester and the date must be settled with Assoc. Prof. A. Stoklasová via e-mail.
- Satisfactory results from at least four mini-tests out of the total number of five.
The form of the test and the scope of the topics are specified in the MOODLE program.
Failure to meet the conditions (1-3) will result in “Non credited” grade (K). Credit will be awarded only after the examination of the entire topics in the relevant semester. In case of a higher number of insufficiently excused absences, the subject Biochemistry II will not be credited at all.
If the lessons will take place without restrictions and some of the students will be in quarantine or ill for a long time, they are obliged to immediately notify Assoc. Prof. A. Stoklasová (via e-mail). Individual replacement of lessons will be agreed during their absence.
Manuals and topics of written tests and oral examination are availale in MOODLE.
Consultations can be arranged individually and must be agreed in advance with the teacher by email.
Inspection of the tests: It is possible for one week from the date of writing, upon agreement with Assoc. Prof. A. Stoklasová (contact via e-mail).
Examination:
The student can take the exam only after the credits for both semesters have been awarded. The exam consists of a written part and an oral part. The written part is held either in the morning on the day of the exam or in the afternoon before the day of the exam. If the student gets ten or less points (out of 32 points) in the written test, he/she will not be invited to the oral part of the exam and will be evaluated with fail grade (4).
Note: The pre-term for the biochemistry exam in the summer semester is also conditioned by the results in the winter semester. It is allowed to those who had an average at least 2.00 or better in the winter semester and the result of the credit test was also at least 2.00 or better.
Poslední úprava: Stoklasová Alena, doc. MUDr., CSc. (07.02.2025)
Sylabus - angličtina
Lectures
Lipids. Classification, Structure, Properties, Chemical Reactions. Digestion, Resorption and Transport. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids and their Regulation.Biosynthesis and Degradation of Triacylglycerols, Glycerophospholipids, Sphingophospholipids and Glycolipids. Metabolism of Lipoproteins. Eicosanoids. (Hroch 5 h)
Metabolism of Terpenoids and Steroids. Metabolism of Cholesterol. Metabolism of Bile Acids and Steroid Hormones. Ketogenesis. (Havelek 2 h)
Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids. Digestion, Resorption and Transport. Transamination, Oxidative Deamination and Decarboxylation of Amino Acids. Metabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids. Ammonia Formation and its Removal. (Köhlerová 5 h)
Plasma Proteins. (Stoklasová 1 h)
Metabolism of Kidneys: Glomerular Filtration. (Řezáčová 1 h)
Metabolism of Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans. (Řezáčová 1 h)
Introduction to Immunochemistry. Specific and non-specific Immunity. Composition of Antigens. Synthesis of Antibodies. (Stulík 2 h)
Metabolism of Porphyrins and Bile Pigments. Biosynthesis of Haem and Haemoglobin and their Catabolism. Jaundice. (Řezáčová 2 h)
Components of the Blood. Metabolism of Erythrocytes and Endothelium. Haemostasis and Blood Clotting. Procoagulant and Anticoagulant Factors. (Řezáčová 2 h)
Water and Ions Metabolism. Acid-Base Balance. The Lungs and Kidneys in Acid-Base Balance. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance. Metabolism of Kidneys: Tubular Processes. (Řezáčová 3 h)
Metabolism of Connective Tissue. Metabolism of Collagen and Elastin. Metabolism of Skin and Skin Glands Products. (Mrkvicová 2 h)
Metabolism of Muscles. Contractile and Structural Proteins. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction and its Energy Supply. (Mrkvicová 2 h)
Metabolism of Bones and Teeth. Process of Mineralization and Bome Remodelling. (Stoklasová 2 h)
Principles of Regulation of Living Systems: Regulation at the Level of the Cell and the Organism as a whole. Second Messengers, Protein Kinases. (Řezáčová 2 h)
Metabolism of Nerve Tissue. Receptors, Important Neurotransmitters, their Metabolism. Biochemistry of Vision. (Řezáčová 2 h)
Hormones and their Action. Synthesis, Degradation, Effects. Hormones of Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroideal Gland, Parathyroideal Gland, GIT, Pancreas and Adrenal Medulla. (Koutová 4 h)
Metabolism of Liver. (Řezáčová 1 h)
Metabolism of GIT. Formation, Composition and Function of Digestive Juices. (Stoklasová 2 h)
The Comparison of the Metabolic Pathways in Liver, Muscles, Adipose Tiissue and CNS. (Stoklasová 2 h)
Metabolism of Adipose Tissue and its Regulation. (Řezáčová 1 h)
Introduction to Xenobiochemistry. Two Phases of Biotransformation. (Hroch 2 h)
Seminars & Laboratory Classes
Lecturers
Prof. Martin Beránek, Dr., Ph.D.
Prof. Martina Řezáčová, M.D., Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof. Radim Havelek, Dr., Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof. Ing. Miloš Hroch, Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof. Alena Stoklasová, M.D., Ph.D.
Dr. Renata Köhlerová, Ph.D.
Dr. Darja Koutová, Ph.D.
Dr. Alena Mrkvicová, Ph.D.
Dr. Darina Muthná, Ph.D.
Dr. Martin Uher, Ph.D.
Seminars
Lipoproteins: Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Lipids. Metabolism of Lipoproteins (Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL). Hyperlipoproteinaemias. Atherosclerosis. Minitest.
Lipids: Classification, Structure, Properties. Metabolism of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids and their Regulation. Metabolism of Triacylglycerols, Glycerophospholipids, Sphingophospholipids and Glycolipids. Eicosanoids. Ketone Bodies. Test.
Steroids: Classification, Structure, Properties. Metabolism of Cholesterol, Bile Acids and Steroid Hormones (Progesterone, Corticoids, Androgenes and Estrogenes). Test.
Metabolism of Amino Acids I: Proteins - Digestion, Absorption, Transport. Basic Reactions of Amino Acids (Transamination, Oxidative Deamination, Decarboxylation). Formation of Ammonia and its Metabolism, Biosynthesis of Urea.
Metabolism of Amino Acids II: Metabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids. Hormones and Neurotransmitters Derived from Amino Acids. Test.
Complex Carbohydrates and Lipids: Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Phospholipids, Glycolipids.
Association between Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins. Case Reports.
Blood Elements: Metabolism of Erythrocytes and Leukocytes. Metabolism of Haem and Haemoglobin. Pathological Haemoglobins. Respiratory Burst.
Haemostasis: Formation of Primary Plug. Blood Clotting Cascade. Fibrinolysis, Physiological Anticoagulant Factors. Importance of Eicosanoids. Minitest.
Acid-Base Balance: Importance of Buffers. Metabolic and Respiratory Disorders of Acid-Base Balance. Minerals and Water in the Blood, Hormonal Control (ADH, RAS and Mineralocorticoids, Natriuretic Peptides).
Connective Tissue: Composition, Metabolism of Collagen, Elastin, Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins. Degradation of Extracellular Matrix. Minitest.
Muscle: Metabolism of Contractile Tissues. Composition, Mechanism of Muscle Contraction. Energy Sources under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions. Minitest.
Bones: Metabolism of Bones and Teeth. Composition of Organic and Inorganic Components. Mineralisation and Bone Remodeling. Hormonal Regulation (Parathormone, Calcitonine, Hormone D, FGF 23, Osteocalcin). Test.
Regulation: Principles of Regulation of Living Systems. Receptors: Ionotropic. Metabotropic, Receptors with Enzyme Activity, Steroid Receptors. Intracellular Signaling. Minitest.
Hormones: Structure and Properties of Hormones of Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroideal Gland, Adrenal Medulla and Pancreas.
Relationships between Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins in some Tissues (Liver, Skeletal Muscles, Adipose Tissue, CNS) and their Regulation. Test.
Adipose Tissue: Metabolism of White and Brown Adipose Tissue and their Hormonal Activity (Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin). Regulatory Peptides in GIT, Ghrelin Included. Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Substances. Biochemistry of Vision.
Xenobiochemistry: Basic Principles, I. and II. Phases of Biotransformation.
Laboratory Classes
Introduction to the Chemical Methods in Clinical Laboratory.
Blood Sampling and Sample Processing.
Glucose Measurement (Glycaemia).
Blood Lipid Profile.
Electrophoretic Separation of Blood Proteins.
Nitrogen Catabolism Products.
Haemoglobin and Bile Pigments.
Inorganic Components of Extracellular Fluids.
Liver Function Tests.
Urine Analysis.
Poslední úprava: Stoklasová Alena, doc. MUDr., CSc. (07.02.2025)
Vstupní požadavky - angličtina
Anatomy II, Histology and embryology II
Poslední úprava: Stoklasová Alena, doc. MUDr., CSc. (06.02.2025)
