Physiology I - FDP019

• Anglický název: Physiology I
• Podoba výuky: přednáška+cvičení
• Zajišťuje: Ústav fyziologie (15-130)
• Fakulta: Lékařská fakulta v Hradci Králové
• Platnost: od 2025
• Počet semestrů výuky: 1
• Semestr: zimní
• Body: 0
• E-Kredity: 7
• Způsob provedení zkoušky: zimní s.:
• Rozsah, examinace: zimní s.:45/60, Z [HS]
• Počet míst: neomezen
• Maximální kapacita předmětu: neomezen
• Minimální obsazenost: neomezen
• 4EU+: ne
• Virtuální mobilita / počet míst pro virtuální mobilitu: ne
• Stav předmětu: vyučován
• Jazyk výuky: angličtina
• Forma uskutečňování: prezenční
• Možnost opakovaného zápisu: 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
• Garant: prof. MUDr. Michaela Adamcová, Ph.D.
• Neslučitelnost : FZ10017
• Prerekvizity : FDP003
• Záměnnost : FA0203037
• Je korekvizitou pro: FDNT020, FV121, FDP020
• Ve slož. prerekvizitě: FDP045, FDP046, FDP047, FDP048, FDP049, FDP050, FDP051, FDP052, FDP053, FDP054, FDP055, FDP056, FDP057, FDP058, FDP059, FDP060, FDP061, FDP062, FDP081

Anotace

The aim of Physiology I is to gain good knowledge about the functions of the human body in health. In the winter semester, the study is focused on the following areas: basic principles of organism reactivity, general neurophysiology (transport of ions through the membrane, resting and action membrane potential), myology, sensory physiology, central nervous system (spinal reflexes, movement regulation, autonomic nervous system, meaning of individual parts of the CNS, wakefulness, sleep, higher nervous activity), hematology, basics of immunology, and cardiovascular system. The chapter from physiology of orofacial reasons are also involved. As part of practical exercises, students perform selected methods and examinations used in clinical practice (e.g. basic neurological examination, principles of the examination of vision and hearing, basic hematological examinations, test of hemostasis, ECG recording and evaluation, blood pressure measurement). Entry requirements: prerequisites: Anatomy II Final requirements: 1. the student acquires basic theoretical knowledge about the function of all systems in the human body to maintain the homeostasis of the organism 2. the student acquires knowledge of the physiology of the orofacial region 3. student acquires practical skills related to essential clinical examinations and learn to interpret the obtained results 4. the student gets to know the basic methods of obtaining scientific information 5. the student will be capable of basic medical thinking based on model case studies

Poslední úprava: Kučera Otto, prof. MUDr., Ph.D. (22.09.2026)

Cíl předmětu

The aims:

1. the student acquires basic theoretical knowledge about the function of all systems in the human body to maintain the homeostasis of the organism
2. the student acquires knowledge of the physiology of the orofacial area
3. student acquires practical skills related to essential clinical examinations and learn to interpret the obtained results
4. the student will be capable of basic medical thinking based on model case studies

Poslední úprava: Kučera Otto, prof. MUDr., Ph.D. (22.09.2026)

Literatura

Compulsory literature

1.    Hall et Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Elsevier 2025, 2020, and 2016 
2.    Moodle - Manual for the Practical Classes in Physiology 
3.    Moodle - Pdf lecture materials

Recommended literature 

1. Barrett: Ganong´s Review of Medical Physiology, Lange Medical Books, 2010
2. Boron, Boulpaep: Medical Physiology, Elsevier 2017 (e-book)
3. Silbernagl, Despopoulos: Color Atlas of Physiology, Georg Thieme Verlg, 2015 (e- book)

 

 

 

 

 

Poslední úprava: Kučera Otto, prof. MUDr., Ph.D. (22.09.2026)

Kontroly studia předmětu a podmínky pro jejich úspěšné vykonání, způsob hodnocení

I. General Rules
1. Attendance at practical classes and seminars is mandatory.
2. Students must come to class properly prepared with respect to:
- the practical work to be performed during the class
- the theory relevant to the practical class or seminar
- the scope of the required preparation is specified in Moodle or clarified by the instructor.
3. Students’ preparation will be assessed during class, particularly through short microtests, questions from the instructor, or active participation in the seminar. If the teacher finds that a student is seriously underprepared, this may be treated as an absence.
4. During class, students must follow the teacher’s directions and comply with the workplace safety and organizational rules.
5. Students showing clear signs of an acute infectious disease or another health condition that could endanger themselves or others are not permitted to enter the Department of Physiology or attend practical classes, seminars, or examinations.
6. Personal electronic devices must not be used during class for purposes unrelated to teaching. Tablets, laptops, and mobile phones may be used for educational purposes, such as working with teaching materials or measuring time. Any other use requires the teacher’s approval.
7. At the end of a practical class, students must clean their work area and equipment as directed by the teacher or assistant.
8. All announcements, changes to teaching arrangements, and other important information are posted in Moodle. Students are required to check this information regularly.
9. The practical teaching areas and seminar rooms of the Department of Physiology are monitored by video surveillance system (CCTV). Recordings may be used to verify compliance with teaching rules and, in justified cases, may be provided to the Disciplinary Committee of the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové in accordance with applicable legislation and internal regulations.
10. During teaching sessions, practical classes, seminars, and examinations, students must follow the instructors’ directions and the rules of the Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, and Charles University.
11. These rules may be amended if the nature of teaching changes, for example in response to the current epidemiological situation or applicable regulations. Students will be informed of any changes through Moodle.

II. Credit Requirements
To receive course credit for the winter semester, students must meet all of the following requirements (each requirement is described in detail below):
1. meet the attendance requirements;
2. properly complete and submit the laboratory protocols for all practical classes, including classes they did not attend in person;
3. meet the requirements relating to seminar topics;
4. students must achieve an overall average score of at least 60% across all seminar tests, after any bonus points from microtests have been added.

II.1. Attendance
1. A maximum of two absences is permitted during the semester.
2. Absences properly excused because a student is officially representing the Faculty are not included in the total number of absences. Such absence may be officially excused by the Student Affairs Office, a relevant Vice-Dean, or a physical education teacher.
3. A student with three or five countable absences during the semester will be examined on the content of the classes they missed before course credit is awarded. This examination will take place during the course-credit practical class.
4. If a student has more than five countable absences, the course guarantor will assess individually the requirements for credit and whether course credit may be awarded.
5. Absence from a practical class does not release a student from the obligation to complete the relevant laboratory protocol. The student must obtain the results needed to complete it from classmates but must independently evaluate the results and write the report conclusion.
6. If a student is repeatedly absent from seminars, they will be examined during the course-credit practical class on the topics covered in all seminars they did not attend.
7. Late arrival at, or unauthorized departure from, a practical class or seminar are treated as an absence.

II. 2. Practical Class Laboratory Protocol
1. For each practical class, students must complete a laboratory protocol using the relevant template. Protocol templates are posted in Moodle. Students must bring a printed copy of the relevant protocol to the practical class.
2. Unless otherwise specified by the teacher, the laboratory protocol is completed during the practical class. At the end of the class, students must present it to the teacher for review. The teacher may require corrections or additions.
3. Students must state the specific physiological range of the measured variable in the laboratory protocol whenever a range has been established for that parameter. It is not sufficient merely to state that the result was “within the normal range” or “outside the normal range.” If a measured value is outside the physiological range, the student must evaluate the result and discuss possible physiological, methodological, or other reasons for the deviation.
4. If a student is absent from a practical class, they must obtain the measurement results from classmates but independently evaluate the report and write the conclusion.
5. Failure to present or submit the required laboratory protocol at the end of a practical class may be treated by the teacher as an absence.
6. At the course-credit practical class, students must submit a complete set of laboratory protocol for the entire semester. Submission of all required, properly completed reports is a condition for the award of course credit.

II.3. Seminars and Seminar Topics
1. Seminars are designed to provide reviewing and strengthening of knowledge in the relevant area of physiology and to apply this knowledge through discussion and the solution of specific questions or cases.
2. The topics or questions to be prepared by students for each seminar are posted in Moodle in advance.
3. Every student must come to the seminar prepared for all published topics. Students sign up for individual seminar topics during the introductory practical class. Each student prepares a brief oral presentation of approximately 1–2 minutes on their chosen topic.
4. Students must deliver their presentation from memory.
5. Delivering the assigned seminar presentation to an adequate standard is a prerequisite for obtaining course credit.
6. If a student does not demonstrate adequate knowledge of the assigned topic during a seminar, they will be examined on the topic from that seminar during the course-credit practical class.

II.4. Seminar Tests
1. Each thematic unit includes seminar tests that assess knowledge of the relevant area of physiology.
2. Seminar tests are completed electronically in Moodle at the end of the seminars.
3. Each test consists of 20 questions, with 20 minutes allowed for completion. Each question offers four answer options, at least one of which is always correct. There is one exception, test from hematology and immunology uses Single Best Answer (SBA) questions, in which one best answer must be selected.
4. To meet the course-credit requirements, students must achieve an overall average score of at least 60% across all seminar tests, after any bonus points from microtests have been added. A result below 60% means that the test has not been passed and must be retaken.
5. If a student scores below 60% on any seminar test, they may retake the test at one of the designated retake test dates.
6. Students have a total of three attempts at each seminar test, including the initial scheduled attempt.
7. At a single retake session, students may retake any number of seminar tests they have not passed. Students must register for retake tests in Moodle at least 24 hours before the test.
8. The winter-semester retake test dates are listed below. 
• Fridays, 23.10., 6.11., 4.12., and 18.12.2026, always from 14:00 h.
• Wednesdays 11.11., 18.11., 25.11., and 9.12. 2026, and 6.1.2027, always from 07:00 h.
• During the examination period, retake tests will be held on Friday 22.1. 2024 from 11:00 h and then on Wednesdays from 08:00, specifically, 27.1., 3.2., and 10.2.2027.
Further dates will not be offered until the summer semester. Retake tests may also be taken during the course-credit practical class.
9. After a seminar test has ended, students may not subsequently review the test questions or their recorded answers.
10. During a test, the use of unauthorized aids, communication with other students, and any other form of cheating are prohibited. If this rule is breached, the test may be graded 0%, and the student’s conduct may be referred to the Disciplinary Committee of the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové.

Microtests in Practical Classes
1. A microtest is given during every practical class except practical classes from ECG and seminars.
2. Each microtest contains five questions based on the guide for the relevant practical class posted in Moodle.
3. Students receive one point for each correct answer. The maximum score for a microtest is therefore five points.
4. Microtest results are recorded in the student’s record.
5. Microtest scores earn bonus points as follows:
• 4 out of 5 points = a bonus of +1 percentage point
• 5 out of 5 points = a bonus of +2 percentage points
6. Bonus points from individual practical classes are added together within the relevant thematic unit and added to the result of the corresponding seminar test.
7. The seminar-test result, including the bonus points earned, counts toward meeting the 60% threshold.
8. Microtests cannot be retaken.

Procedure when course-credit requirements have not been met by the course-credit practical class
1. Course credit may be awarded only after all requirements set out in these rules have been met.
2. If a student has not met all requirements for the award of course credit by the date of the course-credit practical class, “course credit not awarded” (“K”) will be entered in SIS on that date.
3. The student must arrange the date of their next attempt to meet the requirements and obtain course credit individually with the teaching assistant who conducted their course-credit practical class.
4. If the student still does not meet the requirements for the award of course credit, the additional dates for recording “K” in SIS will be:
• 15 February 2027, i.e. the first day of the summer semester,
• 31 August 2027.

III. Students Following an Individual Study Plan
1. Students following an individual study plan who have received course credit only for Physiology I must attend all teaching sessions in the summer semester in order to receive course credit for Physiology II. 
2. Students following an individual study plan who have received course credit for both Physiology I and II are required to attend only seminars that include a test in the summer semester and must attend each such seminar in full.

IV. Requirements for Registration and Attendance at the Examination
1. Only students who have received course credit for both the winter and summer semesters may register for the physiology examination.
2. Registration for and withdrawal from the examination are conducted exclusively through SIS.
3. The examination is held in person and takes the form of an oral examination.
4. During the examination, the use of unauthorized aids, communication with other students, and any other form of cheating are prohibited. If this rule is breached, the student will receive a grade of “failed,” and the conduct may be referred to the Disciplinary Committee of the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové.
5. After drawing the examination questions, students may not leave the room in which they are preparing for the examination without the examiner’s permission. In an emergency, they may leave only with the instructor’s approval and under the specified conditions. The examiner may assign the student an additional question.
6. Detailed organizational information about the examination will be posted in Moodle during the summer semester.

Poslední úprava: Kučera Otto, prof. MUDr., Ph.D. (22.09.2026)

Sylabus

Lecturers

• Prof. Michaela Adamcová, M.D., Ph.D.
• Prof. Otto Kučera, M.D., Ph.D.

Introduction to Physiology.

Concept of Homeostasis, Allostasis, Basic Principles of Regulation.

Transport of Ions and Molecules Across Cell Membrane.

Resting Membrane Potential. Graded Potential. Action Potential. Propagation of Action Potential.  Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration. Nerve Fiber Types and Function.

Synaptic Transmission. Excitatory and inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials. Pre-Synaptic Inhibition and Facilitation. Classification of Neurotransmitters.                             

Skeletal Muscle. Neuromuscular Junction of Skeletal Muscle. Excitation – Contraction Coupling. Energy Source and Metabolism of Muscle Contraction. Muscle Fatigue.

Smooth Muscle. Excitation-Contraction Coupling. Neural and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction.

Stimulus, Receptor Potential and Generation Potential, Receptor Adaptation.

Vision (Optical Apparatus of the Eye; Biochemistry of Vision, Color Vision; Basic Clinical Disorders of Vision).

Hearing (Transmission of Sound to the Organ of Corti; Conductive and Sensorineural Hearing Impairments).

Vestibular Apparatus (Static and Kinetic Receptors; Nystagmus).

Tactile Sensation, Perception of Temperature; Basic Sensory Disorders. Olfaction and Gustation (Basic Sensory Disorders).

Pain in the Orofacial Area Pain (Clinical Significance of Pain; Stimulation and Sensitization of Nociceptors; Pain-inhibiting Pathways).

Spinal Cord Reflexes – Proprioceptive Stretch and Tendon Reflexes, Exteroceptive Reflexes, the Role of Muscle Spindle and of Gamma System, Reciprocal innervation.

Regulation of Visceral Function - the Role of Spinal Cord, Medulla Oblongata, Hypothalamus and Limbic System in Control of Vegetative Functions (Vital Centers, Vomiting, Hunger, Thirst, Sexual Reactions, Body Temperature). Relation of Hypothalamus to Pituitary Gland.

Control of Posture and Movement – Motor Functions of Spinal Cord, Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, Descendent Part of Reticular Formation and Brain

Autonomic Nervous System (Functional Organization, Neurotransmitters, Receptors, Physiological Effects).

The Reticular Activating System, Spontaneous and Evoked Electric Brain Activity (EEG and Evoked Potentials). Sleep and Wakefulness.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (Production, Circulation, and Resorption). 

Blood–Brain Barrier (Physiological Significance and Clinical Aspects).

Metabolism of Nervous Tissue.

CNS, Inborn and Acquired Forms of Behavior.

Learning and Memory. Emotion.

Specific Characteristics of CNS in Human (Speech, Hemispheric Dominance, Prefrontal Lobes), Types of Personality.

Body Fluids (Distribution, Volumes, and Composition). Plasma.

Composition, Characteristics and Function of Blood. Acid–Base Balance of Blood (Buffer Systems).

Erythrocytes (Count, Structure, and Functions; Sedimentation Rate). Hemolysis. Erythropoiesis and its Regulation.

Blood Groups (ABO and Rh Systems, Other Blood Group Systems; Clinical Significance of Blood Groups; Basics of Transfusion Physiology). 

Hemoglobin (Concentration, Functions, Types, Derivatives, Oxygen-Binding Curve).  Hemoglobin Degradation.

Hemostasis (Vascular Reaction, Primary Hemostatic Plug, Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis). Platelets (Structure and Functions; Thrombopoiesis). Inhibition of Hemostasis (Physiological and Pharmacological Mechanisms; In Vivo and In Vitro Conditions). Laboratory Assessment of Hemostasis Leukocytes (Types, Count, and Basic Functions; Leukopoiesis).

Leukocytes (Types, Count, and Basic Functions; Leukopoiesis

Immunology (Innate and Adaptive Immunity; Immune System Cells and Organs, Antigen Recognition, Immune Responses and Regulation; Immunological Memory and Tolerance; Interactions Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity; Ontogeny of the Immune System; Active and Passive Immunization; inflammation; Allergy and Autoimmunity).

Immunology (Innate and Adaptive Immunity; Immune System Cells and Organs, Antigen Recognition, Immune Responses and Regulation; Immunological Memory and Tolerance; Interactions Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity; Ontogeny of the Immune System; Active and Passive Immunization; inflammation; Allergy and Autoimmunity).

Electrical and Mechanical Properties of the Myocardium (Resting Membrane Potential; Action Potential with Fast and Slow Depolarization; Pacemaker Potential). 

Electrocardiogram (ECG).

Cardiac Conduction System (Generation and Propagation of Cardiac Excitation; Clinical Significance). 

Myocardial Contraction (Excitation–Contraction Coupling).

The Heart as a Pump (Cardiac Cycle and its Phases; Volume and Pressure Parameters of individual Cardiac Chambers; Mechanical Work of the Heart). Cardiac Output.

Blood Flow in Vessels (Velocity, Flow Patterns, Pressure Relation and Resistance Within the Circulatory System). Laminar and Turbulent Flow. 

Local and Systemic Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms. Regulation of Blood Pressure.

Functional Classification of the Vascular System.  Arterial and Arteriolar Circulation. 

Capillary Circulation (Exchange of Substances Between Blood and Tissues; Formation of interstitial Fluid; Lymph). 

Venous Circulation.

Lymphatic Circulation.

Regulation of Blood Flow in Specific Organs (Heart, Lungs, Brain, Skin, Skeletal Muscle, and Tooth Pulp).

Practical courses & seminars

Lecturers

• Prof. MUDr. Michaela Adamcová, Ph.D.
• RNDr. Lukáš Alán, Ph.D.
• MUDr. Renáta Ferenčíková, Ph.D.
• Prof. MUDr. Otto Kučera, Ph.D.
• Doc. MUDr. Halka Lotková, Ph.D.
• MUDr. Kristián Lux
• PharmDr. Marie Rubášová, Ph.D.
• MUDr. Lenka Rule
• Mgr. Pavla Staňková, Ph.D.
• MUDr. Václav Šafka, Ph.D.
• PharmDr. Alžbeta Štefela, Ph.D.
• MUDr. Martina Trávníčková, Ph.D.
• RNDr. Veronika Uhrová 

Seminars

1. Test (MCQ) and seminar - neurophysiology and myology.
2. Test (MCQ) and seminar - central nervous system and senses.
3. Test (MCQ) and seminar - hematology and immunology.
4. Test (MCQ) and seminar - cardiovascular system.

Practical courses

Introduction to practical laboratories. Rules of safety work in laboratories.

Action potencial (ADI).

Neuromuscular transmision (ADI).

Basic neurological examination - proprioceptive and exteroceptive reflexes.

Principles of the examination of hearing. Investigation of vestibular function.

Principles of the examination of vision.

Autonomic nerve system (ADI), Rules of blood handling and blood sampling.

Packed cell volume (PCV - Hematocrit). Red blood cell sedimentation. Hemolysis. Testing of fragility of red blood cells.  Hemoglobin derivatives.

Determination of clotting time (Lee-White), APTT,  prothrombin time. Investigation of capillary resistance. Investigation of bleeding time.

E-learning.

Testing for blood group and Rh factor. Leukocytes - classification of white blood cells (differential count).

ECG I.

ECG II.

Heart as a pump (ADI).

Physical examination of the heart. Determination of arterial blood pressure.

Credit.    

Poslední úprava: Kučera Otto, prof. MUDr., Ph.D. (22.09.2026)

Podmínky zápisu předmětu

Anatomy II (FDP003)

Poslední úprava: Kučera Otto, prof. MUDr., Ph.D. (22.09.2026)