Definition of life, organisation of living systems. Molecules in cells, structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. Cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cell nucleus, organisation of DNA, chromosomes. DNA replication and repair. Transcription and translation of genetic information, RNA processing, posttranslational modification. The cellular membranes - structure and function, transport across biomembranes, cell membrane fusion. The endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus. The mitochondrion, production of ATP. The cytoskeleton. Regulation of cellular functions - principles of cell signaling.Interaction of cells with the environment. Cell death, necrosis, apoptosis.
Last update: Laláková Marcela (07.02.2025)
Definice života - organizace živých soustav, modelování v biomedicíně. Buněčná teorie - buňky prokaryontní a eukaryontní, mikroskopické techniky. Základní stavební prvky buněk, struktura a funkce nukleových kyselin. Jádro, chromozómy - mikrostruktura, makrostruktura. Syntéza DNA. Realizace genetické informace, transkripce a posttranskripční modifikace. Buněčné membrány - stavba a funkce, transport látek přes membrány, fúze biomembrán, princip kompartmentace. Endoplazmatické retikulum - stavba a funkce, Golgiho komplex. Mitochondrie - stavba a funkce, tvorba ATP, chemiosmotická teorie. Cytoskelet (mikrotubuly, mikrofilamenta, střední filamenta. Reprodukce buněk (mitóza). Pěstování buněk a tkání in vitro, využití v medicíně. Principy signalizací u prokaryotních a eukaryotních buněk. Stresové odpovědi - buněčná smrt.
Last update: Laláková Marcela (07.02.2025)
Aim of the course
Outputs (outcomes) of the subject Biology I:
the student acquires knowledge (basic facts, mechanisms, methodologies) concerning biology of human cells at cellular, subcellular and molecular levels
the student will be able to integrate the mentioned knowledge into higher cellular levels (tissue, organ, organism)
the student will learn about the structure and types of scientific information, she/he will further learn about their specific search, evaluation and use in biomedical scientific as well as clinical work
the student will acquire theoretical background and practical skills in basic microscopic techniques used in studies of living systems
Last update: Laláková Marcela (07.02.2025)
Literature -
Literature:
Study materials provided by department – MOODLE (presentations, e-learning courses, lectures and other sources)
Jorde LB, Carey JC, Bamshad MJ. Medical Genetics, 6th edition, Elsevier, 2020
I. General – attendance and conduct code in the classes
Attendance at practical classes and workshops is mandatory and students are to be in their seats in time. Each student is allowed one absence from one practical class/workshop. Medical excuse or any other valid official reason is required (delivered within max. 48 h after the missed class – an electronic form to email of instructors).
Behaviour in practical classrooms and laboratories must follow the rules explained in the first class.
II. Knowledge
All students are to sit written tests (paper) at the beginning of each practical/workshop class as specified in the syllabus – together 5 tests. Each test is allocated maximum 10 points as based on its subject content (when all questions are answered correctly). Points from all tests are summed with the maximum achievable 50 points. Minimal passing grade is 35 points. In case of the final score lower than 35 points, the student will have to sit a retake test. There are two retakes (first and second). Each retake will concern the topics of the entire semester and requires 70 % scoring to be passed. Failure in the second retake will result in the credit failure.
In case a serious health or other objective problem (officially documented) prevents the student from sitting any all the planned progress tests in the set date/time and an alternative date/time and test will be produced based on the agreement with the course instructor.
III. Other
Completed Karyotype task on Moodle.
Credit sessions
If a student fulfills all credit requirements (i.e. minimum 35 points from all tests, completed Karyotype), the credit will be granted in the last practical class of the current summer course.
Upon other circumstances (need to write a retake test, non-completed karyotype), appointments for credit will be scheduled to the particular date as based on agreement between the student and course instructor.
Generally, in case of failure in credit, the next possible chance is after one week!!!!
Examination
Students may book the final exam while not having biology credit(s), however they would be allowed to sit the exam physically when both winter and summer term credits were obtained only.
When the student cannot attend the booked exam (either due to medical or other serious reason), he/she must provide an immediate excuse and at the latest next day after the date of exam supply an electronic document (medical or governmental) to the secretary of department. Not complying with this rule will cause missing of the date.
Cheating during any form of biology exam (written tests and oral examination) including preparatory period is not tolerated! Use of any electronic devices (cell phones, tablets, notebooks, phablets etc.), unauthorized materials or communication with other students in these instances is strictly prohibited! After selecting final exam questions it is not allowed to leave the room and when necessary an escort will be provided. In case of failure to comply with these rules, student will be classified “failed”.
Last update: Laláková Marcela (07.02.2025)
Syllabus
Lectures
Professor: prof. PharmDr. Emil Rudolf, Ph.D.
Introduction, modelling in biomedicine Properties of eukaryotic cells in multicellular organisms Nucleus- structure and function.
DNA synthesis and expression (transcription and translation)
Biological membranes - structure and function, medical relevance
Cytoskeleton - structure and function, medical relevance
Cell cycle and reproduction, regulation, signalling
Cell stress – pathways and responses
Cell death – types, principles, regulation
Practical courses
Instructors:
Prof. Dr. Emil Rudolf, Ph.D.
Assoc prof. Dr. Věra Králová, Ph.D.
Dr. Kateřina Dvořáková
Introduction to the course, information sources, microscopy Rules and requirements of the course Scientific information in biomedicine – biology (types, databases) Introduction to light microscopy Mock test – 1st lecture
Microscopy of living cells – split class (group A) Group A - Progress test 1 Contrast enhancing microscopies in observation of living cells Group B - Fluorescence – e-learning course and Progress test 2 (Moodle)
Microscopy of living cells – split class (group B) Group B - Progress test 1 Contrast enhancing microscopies in observation of living cells Group A - Fluorescence – e-learning course and Progress test 2 (Moodle)
Cell cultures in biomedicine Progress test 3 Cultivation of cells in vitro Introduction to the tissue culture laboratory
Cellular membranes – fusion and osmosis Progress test 4 Osmosis in plant and animal cells Cell fusion
Cell motility – split class (group A) Group A - Progress test 5 Cytoplasmic streaming, Flagellar and ciliated motility Group B - Cell motility – e-learning course and Progress test 6 (Moodle)
Cell motility – split class (group B) Group B - Progress test 5 Cytoplasmic streaming, Flagellar and ciliated motility Group A - Cell motility – e-learning course and Progress test 6 (Moodle)
Cell proliferation and its measurement Progress test 7 Techniques of cell cycle and proliferation measurement Mitotic and proliferation indexes in cultured cells
Cellular stress – split class (group A) Group A - Progress test 8 Cultured cells in suspension, vital staining Cell stress and demise in human cells Group B - Tests of cytotoxicity in vitro – e-learning course and Progress test 9 (Moodle)
Cellular stress – split class (group B) Group B - Progress test 8 Cultured cells in suspension, vital staining Cell stress and demise in human cells Group A - Tests of cytotoxicity in vitro – e-learning course and Progress test 9 (Moodle)
Meiosis and genetic recombination Progress test 10 Meiosis and gene linkage analysis- interactive workshop Meiosis in cells of locust
