Preventivní lékařství je medicínský obor, který se zabývá ochranou a podporou zdraví. Ochrana zdraví zahrnuje studium faktorů životního a pracovního prostředí (biologických, chemických a fyzikálních), které mohou indukovat vznik a rozvoj onemocnění (zejména kardiovaskulárních, metabolických a nádorových). Studium je zaměřeno na identifikaci a charakterizaci nebezpečnosti faktorů, na zhodnocení míry jejich přítomnosti v populaci (šíře expozice populace) a na finální zhodnocení míry zdravotního rizika (kombinace nebezpečnosti a šíře expozice). V návaznosti na závěry hodnocení jsou charakterizovány možnosti intervence v podobě primární a sekundární prevence. Intervence zahrnují tvorbu a kontrolu dodržování regulačních limitů chemické a biologické kontaminace ovzduší, vody, půdy a potravin a tvorbu a kontrolu dodržování regulačních limitů fyzikálních faktorů. Podpora zdraví zahrnuje studium faktorů životního stylu (výživa, pohybová aktivita, poškozující návyky a nadměrná míra psychického stresu), které mohou indukovat vznik a rozvoj onemocnění (zejména kardiovaskulárních, metabolických a nádorových). Studium je zaměřeno na identifikaci a charakterizaci nebezpečnosti faktorů, na zhodnocení míry jejich přítomnosti v populaci a na finální zhodnocení míry zdravotního rizika (kombinace nebezpečnosti a míry přítomnosti). V návaznosti na závěry hodnocení jsou charakterizovány možnosti intervence v podobě primární a sekundární prevence. Intervence zahrnují mediální a institucionální (hygienická služba) formy doporučování zásad zdravého životního stylu (struktura a objem potravy; druh, objem, intenzita a frekvence vhodné a pravidelné pohybové aktivity; rizika a možnosti redukce alkoholových, tabákových a drogových závislostí a rizika a možnosti ovlivňování nadměrného psychického stresu).
Poslední úprava: Bc. Iva Malířová (18.09.2023)
Preventive medicine is a medical field that deals with the protection and promotion of health. Health protection includes the study of factors of the living and working environment (biological, chemical, and physical) that can induce the emergence and development of diseases (especially cardiovascular, metabolic and cancer). The study is focused on the identification and characterization of the dangerousness of the factors, on the evaluation of the degree of their presence in the population (width of exposure of the population) and on the final evaluation of the degree of health risk (combination of danger and width of exposure).Based on the conclusions of the evaluation, the possibilities of intervention in the form of primary and secondary prevention are characterized. Interventions include the creation and control of compliance with regulatory limits for chemical and biological contamination of air, water, soil and food, and the creation and control of compliance with regulatory limits for physical factors. Health promotion includes the study of lifestyle factors (nutrition, physical activity, harmful habits, and excessive levels of psychological stress) that can induce the emergence and development of diseases (especially cardiovascular, metabolic and cancer). The study is focused on the identification and characterization of the dangerousness of the factors, on the evaluation of the degree of their presence in the population and on the final evaluation of the degree of health risk (combination of danger and degree of presence). Based on the conclusions of the evaluation, the possibilities of intervention in the form of primary and secondary prevention are characterized. Interventions include media and institutional (hygiene service) forms of recommending healthy lifestyle principles (structure and volume of food; type, volume, intensity, and frequency of appropriate and regular physical activity; risks and possibilities of reducing alcohol, tobacco and drug addictions and risks and possibilities of influencing excessive psychological stress).
Vstupní požadavky - angličtina
Poslední úprava: Bc. Iva Malířová (18.09.2023)
Prerequisite: Completed 3rd year
Cíl předmětu - angličtina
Poslední úprava: Bc. Iva Malířová (18.09.2023)
Outcomes (subject Preventive Medicine FD 10070): 1. The student will gain an idea of the content of the concepts of health protection and promotion, as key elements of the health policy of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic in the field of primary and secondary prevention 2. The student will acquire basic information about the structure of health protection and support systems 3. The student will get a basic idea of the possibilities of intervention in the areas of living and working environment and lifestyle (case studies)
Požadavky ke zkoušce - angličtina
Poslední úprava: Bc. Iva Malířová (18.09.2023)
Conditions for granting credit (subject Preventive Medicine FD 10070):
Active participation in practical courses and seminars is a basic condition. One absence is tolerated. In the case of two absences (for any reason), the granting of credit is conditional on a credit exam for both missed topics. Three or more absences are not tolerated (possibility of repeating the grade or setting up an individual study plan). Exceptions for very serious (documentable) reasons are handled by the guarantor of the subject. Consultations (without restrictions) are possible after prior agreement with the teachers.
Exam (subject Preventive Medicine FD 10070):
Only a student who has been awarded a credit can register for the exam. The dates and times of the exams will be determined by the department after consultation with the students. It is forbidden to use electronic devices (mobile phone, palmtop, laptop, etc.) during any form of face-to-face knowledge verification (including preparation). If a student is caught violating this rule, he/she will be graded "failed". A student caught copying or communicating with another student during preparation will also be classified as "inadequate". After the question has been drawn, it is not allowed to leave the premises where the exam is taking place. In an emergency, the student will be assigned an escort.
Sylabus - angličtina
Poslední úprava: Bc. Iva Malířová (18.09.2023)
Lectures
Teachers:
Prof. Zdenek Fiala, M.Sc., Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Jindra Smejkalova, M.D., Ph.D. Lenka Kotingova, M.D., Ph.D.
Introduction to Preventive Medicine (Health protection and Health promotion). Harmful effects of dental materials. (Fiala 3)
The most frequent occupational physical hazards. Dust, noise, vibrations, ionizing radiation. (Kotingova 3)
Occupational stress. Sources of occupational stress in hospitals. Burnout syndrome. Ways of prevention.(Smejkalova 3)
Nutrition. Health aspects of nutrition. (Kotingova 3)
Hospital hazards. Specific health risks in dental practice (musculo-skeletal disorders, infections, chemical agents). Professional illnesses of health-care workers. Ways of prevention. Absolute and relative contraindication for work in risk. (Smejkalova 3)
Practical courses and seminars
Teachers:
Prof. Zdenek Fiala, M.Sc., Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Jindra Smejkalova, M.D., Ph.D. Lenka Kotingova, M.D., Ph.D.
Categorization of work. Ways of prevention – collective and individual. Medical prevention – periodical preventive check-ups.
Hygiene of living spaces. Biological, chemical and physical factors in interiors that affect health. Prevention options. Drinking water. Sources and contamination of drinking water.
Primary and early secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Analysis of nutritional state and life style of medical students. Example of simple preventive screening of cardiovascular disease risk factors. SKIPPING BREAKFAST!!!
Nosocomial infections. The most common infection. The most risky workplace. Ways of prevention.
Prevention of selected cancers. Primary and early secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, cervix uteri carcinoma, lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma and skin carcinoma.
Literatura - angličtina
Poslední úprava: Bc. Iva Malířová (18.09.2023)
Materials prepared by the Institute of Preventive Medicine – Moodle (Power Point presentations, e-learning courses, supplementary texts for lectures and seminars, recordings of lectures and seminars)
Bencko V. et al.: Hygiene and Epidemiology. selected chapters. 2nd edition. Prague, Charles University, Karolinum Press, 2019, p. 236. ISBN 978-80-246-4306-9
