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Poslední úprava: Jana Kolářová (30.01.2020)
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Poslední úprava: Jana Kolářová (30.01.2020)
Skeleton and its connections, muscles, fascias, osteofascial compartments
Gastrointestinal tract
Respiratory system
Urinary and reproductive system
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Lymphatic system
Central nervous system - CNS
Peripheral nervous system - PNS
Sensory organs, skin, endocrine glands
Regional Anatomy |
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Poslední úprava: doc. MUDr. Ondřej Naňka, Ph.D. (26.09.2018)
Recommended Textbooks for Anatomy and Anatomical dissection
Pocket atlases from Thieme – good for the practicals: Platzer: Color Atlas Anatomy – Vol. 1 Locomotor System, 7th ed.,Thieme 2014 Fritsch, Kuehnel: Color Atlas Anatomy – Vol. 2 Internal Organ, 5th ed., Thieme 2014 Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3: Nervous System By Kahle, Werner ; Frotscher, Michael -all available ONLINE via e-books through the Library! http://uvi.lf1.cuni.cz/e-zdroje/e-knihy
Proper Anatomy Textbooks (you should really pick up one of these to get the understanding): Moore, Agur, Dalley: Essential Clinical Anatomy, 5th edition Lippincot Williams and Wilkins 2014 Gray's Anatomy for Students: With Student Consult Online Access, 3e Mar 7, 2014, by Richard Drake PhD FAAA and A. Wayne Vogl PhD FAAA (you are welcome to try the full version, but it is rather voluminous!) Snell: Clinical Anatomy by systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2007 (also exists in “by the region” version)
Neuroanatomy Crossman, Neary: Neuroanatomy, An Illustrated Colour Text, 5th edition, Churchill Livingstone 2014 Petrovický: Basic Neuroanatomy I. and II. Praha, Karolinum 1997 (great for pre-exam revision)
Histology Mescher: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 14th edition, McGraw-Hill Medical 2015 (we call it “microscopic anatomy”)
Embryology Sadler: Langman's Medical Embryology, 13th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2014 (really, you DO need to learn how things came into being and their proper place, since the topic is NOT cover in your regular Anatomy textbook!)
Atlases Paulsen ,Waschke: Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, 15th ed., English/Latin, Musculoskeletal system, internal organs, head, neck, neuroanatomy, URBFI 2011 or Grim M, Naňka O, Helekal I: Atlas of Human Anatomy I+II, 1st ed., Grada 2014, 2017 or Gilroy, MacPherson, Schuenke, Schulte, Schumacher: Atlas of Anatomy, 3rd edition with Latin Nomenclature, Thieme 2016 or Netter: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 7th Edition, Elsevier 2018 or Agur, Dalley: Grant´s Atlas of Anatomy, 12th ed., Lippincot Williams and Wilkins 2016 or Köpf-Maier: Wolf-Heidegger’s Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.1+2, 6th edition, Karger 2005, or Drake , Vogl , Mitchell , Richardson: Gray´s Atlas of Anatomy, 3rd ed., Elsevier 2014, Gosling, Harris, Humpherson, Whitmor, Willan: Human Anatomy, Color Atlas and Textbook, 6th Edition ,Elsevier 2016 – photographic atlas, suitable for dissection labe (does not really matter which one do you pick up, and older editions are fine, too!)
Dissection manual Detton: Grant's Dissector, 16th edition , Lippincot Williams and Wilkins 2016
Topographic Anatomy Stingl J, Grim M, Druga R: Regional Anatomy, 2011, Grada-Karolinum, Prague
Prague, 2018 Prof. Karel Smetana MD., DrSc Prof. David Sedmera, MD, DSc. |
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Poslední úprava: doc. MUDr. Ondřej Naňka, Ph.D. (26.09.2018)
Requirements for successfully passing the Anatomy Course 1) The study of Anatomy is concluded by two the credits and final exam., Anatomic Dissections 1, 2 are concluded by the credit. 2) Requirements for receiving the credit a) full obligatory attendance (absences must be substituted immediately as possible) b) Knowledge demonstrated during the practical classes, seminars and tests (this means, that ALL the tests must be successfully passed). Failed tests could be corrected according to agreement with the respective teachers; but no more than two re-tests are permitted. c) Credits: in case the credit has not been obtained at the end of a particular semester during the last practical of the semester or at the end of dissection course, the student is entitled to two re-examinations during examination period (written test - Anatomy 1, 2; oral test - Dissections) Credits that will NOT be awarded at the end of semester during the credit week (i.e. during the last practicals) could be obtained on the basis of a written credit test on up to TWO re-tries during the exam session. In case of failure during the SECOND written re-try, the student will be immediately examined on the spot orally. (This will be the FINAL chance for obtaining the credit; without credit from either semester, the students will NOT be eligible to undertake the final examination.) Dissection credits that will NOT be awarded during the oral examination at the conclusion of the anatomical dissection could obtained on the basis of up to TWO re-tries, which will take place at the end of the following dissection course, or during the exam session. (Please note that dissection credits are a pre-requisite for taking the final anatomy exam!). 3) Prerequisites for the admission to the final exam: winter and summer credit from Anatomy, credit from Anatomic Dissections 1 and 2, 4).The final exam is organized during summer examination period. It consists of three parts: a) written test b) practical part: dissection of selected region and demonstration of selected organs including their X-ray, MR and CT pictures c) theoretical part based on the list of questions. Satisfactory result of written test is prerequisite for the admission to other parts of the exam. The exam can be terminated at any part without even commencing the oral part and evaluates the student “failed”. This provision will not apply in case of a second re-examination, when the exam continues even in case of unsatisfactory result of the written test. Successfully written test and practical part of the final exam is not necessary to retake in case of re-examination, they are valid during the whole exam period, however at longest for 4 months. 5) For each examination (credit or exam), the students are always obliged to bring the University Study Report book (“Index”). Without this, no examination will be performed. To all terms of final exam students must signed up via SIS. 6) If a student fails to appear at the marked credit, examination or its part on the date that he/she registered for, the student gets a "D" mark and loses therefore one exam term. The potential apology must be delivered to the secretary of the institute (anat@lf1.cuni.cz). Then the examinator will consider, in particular, the nature of circumstances that the student gave as reasons for his/her absence. 7) Students with Individual Study Plan are recommended to discuss the extent and schedule of the subject with the Head of the Institute (Prof. Smetana) at the beginning of particular semester. 8) We would like to ask students who will repeat Anatomy 2 in academic year 2016/2017 to go to the secretariat of the Institute of Anatomy in the last week of the winter exam period for registration of the new group for this subject. During registration the institute will try to accommodate student’s wishes, but students have to take into account that the number of students in each group also must remain well-balanced. All actual information is available on: official board in the lobby of our Department or www.lf1.cuni.cz or http://anat.lf1.cuni.cz/english/index.php
General Rules for registration and final examination at the Institute of Anatomy Choosing an exam date Examination dates (also called “terms”) will be set in the following periods: - Pre-terms: during week 15 of the semester - Regular terms during the official examination period - Terms during summer holidays - Regular terms in the second part of the official examination period: The number of dates is definitive and is much greater than specified by “Rules”. After these dates, it is not possible to apply to take further terms, even if a student has not taken the maximum number of terms and re-sits. Registering for an exam date Examination dates will be announced on SIS before end of March. They will be entered in SIS, and all possible examination dates will be listed. Registration for pre-terms and regular examination dates (“terms” in June and July) will be open usually from in April. Registration for specific examination dates (“terms”) will usually be possible until Thursday 12pm noon on the week prior to examination. A student can only take the exam if registered for the term in SIS, and if all prerequisites for have been met. Prerequisites for examination: · Winter and Summer Credit for Anatomy · Anatomic dissections 1,2 A student who registers for an exam, but who fails to meet these prerequisites will be deleted from the list of students for the term and he/she will be notified by email before the examination. This deletion will not reduce the number of terms further available for the student. Cancellation and failure to turn up for a term Cancellation will usually be possible until Wednesday 12pm noon on the week prior to examination. Terms for General Medicine students are usually organized on Mon-Wed. Terms for Dentistry students are usually organized on Thu. If a student fails to turn up to a term (or even a part of it) that he/she is registered for on SIS, the student will automatically receive a “4” mark and will lose one attempt at the examination. A written apology MUST be sent to the secretary of the anatomy institute (anat@lf1.cuni.cz) as soon as possible. It is then the decision of the examiner to consider the circumstances and reason for the absence. The student will be informed about acceptance of the apology, and if accepted will be deleted from the original list so that he/she can register for another date. Re-takes Every student has a maximum of 3 attempts at the examination. This means the student is entitled to two re-sit examinations after their first attempt. No further examinations after 3 attempts are permitted according to Regulations, Article 6, Subsection 16. Even if a student does not take all 3 attempts within the exam period, this does not entitle him/her to a special examination date personally appointed for them. No examinations can be taken after the end of the second part of the examination period in September, or after the last date announced on SIS. “Deans terms” are not allowed. The day of examination There are three parts to the examination: a) Slide test: 21/30 is required to continue to the next stages of examination. b) Dissection: dissection of selected regions and demonstration of selected organs including X-rays, MRI and CT pictures. c) Oral: theoretical part based on the list of questions. Satisfactory result of the slide test is a prerequisite for the admission to other parts of the exam. The exam can be terminated at any time i.e. after slide test, or after dissections, without commencing the oral part - the student has “failed”. If a student successfully passes the slide test and/or dissections but fails the oral, it is not necessary to retake these at a re-examination. It will only be necessary to retake the parts that were unsuccessful. Successful slide test and dissections are valid for any re-examination taken during the same exam period within a maximum of 4 months. Prague, September 21, 2018 K. Smetana
________________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES: “Regulations” refers to Studies and Examination Regulations of Charles University “Rules” refers to Rules for Organization of Studies at the First Faculty of Medicine
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Poslední úprava: doc. MUDr. Ondřej Naňka, Ph.D. (05.05.2020)
Institute of Anatomy, Charles University First Faculty of Medicine List of questions for final exam in quadriplets
1. External and internal cranial base - openings for vessels and nerves Uterus – fixation, syntopy, position (draw scheme), its changes during pregnancy, broad Mediastinum – division, borders (draw transverse section) Overview of muscular and skin innervation of head and neck
2. Submandibular triangle, carotid triangle (draw scheme) Vagina – structure and syntopy (draw uterus and vagina in sagittal section) Topography of supramesocolic part of peritoneal cavity (draw transverse section through lesser sac) Overview of muscular and skin innervation of upper limb
3. Lateral neck region, scalenic fissure External female genital organs, perineum Topography of duodenum and pancreas (draw schema) Lumbar plexus and its branches
4. Axilla – boundaries, content Heart - description, chambers, heart wall arrangement (draw section through ventricles) Topography of inframesocolic part of peritoneal cavity Sacral plexus and its branches
5. Anterior and posterior regions of arm (draw transverse section) Cardiac valves-structure and function, cardiac skeleton (draw skeleton scheme) Retroperitoneal space, topography of its organs and main vessels and nerves Sciatic nerve, paralysis of common peroneal nerve
6. Cubital fossa, elbow joint Conducting system of the heart- structure and function, heart innervation Topographic anatomy of male pelvis (draw sagittal section), importance of rectal exam Overview of muscular and skin innervation of lower limb
7. Topographic anatomy of the hand and fingers Heart location and projection, X-ray (draw scheme of radiogram), auscultation heart points Portal vein - tributaries, portocaval (portosystemic) anastomosis and their clinical relevance First and second branch of trigeminal nerve
8. Gluteal region, supra- and infrapiriform foramens Epicardium and pericardium – structure, syntopy, pericardial reflections around the roots of the great vessels External carotid artery Third branch of trigeminal nerve
9. Anterior thigh region, vascular and muscular lacuna, iliopectineal fossa, femoral triangle (draw schema), femoral hernias Systemic and pulmonary circulation, prenatal circulation Thyroid and parathyroid glands – structure, function, topography, blood supply Facial nerve, Bell´s palsy
10. Popliteal fossa, adductor canal Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (draw scheme), hepatoduodenal ligament Mamma - description and structure, blood supply and innervation, lymphatics Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
11. Regions of lower leg (draw transverse section) Diaphragm and mechanics of respiration External carotid artery Accessory and hypoglossal nerves
12. Retromalleolar regions Primary and permanent dentition formula, eruption, types of occlusion Abdominal aorta, position, topographic relations, parietal and paired visceral branches General structure of autonomic nervous system
13. Topography of foot (draw transverse section) Structure of the teeth, fixation, innervation and blood supply, gingivodental junction Abdominal aorta, unpaired visceral branches and their clinically important anastomoses Cranial and sacral parasympathetic system
14. Topography of chest wall, surface projections of heart, lungs and pleura Nasal, palatine and lingual tonsills (Waldeyer circle) Portal vein – tributaries, portocaval (portosystemic) anastomosis and their clinical relevance Cervical and thoracic sympathetic system
15. Topography of abdominal wall, blood supply, innervation and surface projections of abdominal organs Ovary – structure and position, vascular supply, ovarian cycle Thymus - structure, position and syntopy, function Abdominal and pelvic sympathetic system, prevertebral plexuses and ganglia
16. Inguinal region, inguinal canal, hernias (draw schema of inguinal canal) Coronary arteries, coronarogrpahy, veins and nerves, lymphatics Lymph nodes and collectors of head and neck Corticospinal (pyramidal) and corticonuclear tract
17. Perineal region (draw schema), ischioanal fossa (draw frontal section of pelvis) Kidney – description, syntopy, envelopes, fixation (draw scheme) Lymph nodes and collectors of thorax Blood supply of spinal cord, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture
18. Topography of spinal canal (draw transverse section), anatomic backgrounds of spinal tap (lumbar puncture) and epidural anesthesia Trachea and bronchi , bronchial tree - description (draw scheme), structure, syntopy, tracheotomy Coronary arteries, coronarogrpahy, veins and nerves, lymphatics Visual pathway and visual cortical areas
19. Muscles and fascias of thorax Liver - structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed, intrahepatic bile ducts Topographic anatomy of the female pelvis (draw sagittal section) Brain vessels and meninges
20. Structure and types of bones, bone marrow, innervation and blood supply of Tongue, soft and hard palate, isthmus of fauces Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta Spinal cord, roots of spinal nerve, branching of spinal nerve (draw scheme), cauda equina
21. Ossification, bone age, remodeling and growth of bone Salivary glands, their description, syntopy, innervation Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery Spinal cord – structure of gray matter, cross section (draw scheme)
22. Connection of bones, structures and types of joints, synovial joint Pharynx – description, syntopy, blood supply, innervation, swallowing reflex Subclavian artery Motor pathways in spinal cord and motor deficiencies in spinal cord lesions
23. The osseous nasal cavity, relations to neighboring structures Oesophagus – description, syntopy, narrowings, oesopahegal varices Arteries of upper extremity Sensory pathways in spinal cord and sensory loss in spinal cord lesions
24. Bony orbit - walls, relation to neighboring structures, passages Stomach and lesser sac (omental bursa) External and internal iliac artery Medulla oblongata
25. Connections of skull, structure and biomechanics of temporomandibular joint Duodenum, jejunum, ileum – structure, blood supply, innervation, motility, mesentery Arteries of upper extremity Pons
26. Skull of neonate, its diameters compared to pelvic diameters, growth of skull Large intestine, structure, vascular supply, innervation, motility Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, subclavian vein, axillary vein Floor of rhomboid fossa and cranial nerve nuclei (draw scheme)
27. Vertebrae, vertebral column, connections, curvatures and motility Vermiform appendix – structure, positions, abdominal wall projections Internal jugular vein - course and extracaranial tributaries Reticular formation
28. Skeleton of thorax, connections and motility of ribs, muscles of inspiration Pancreas – structure, syntopy, surgical approach, Langerhans islets Cranial veins, sinus durae matris, intracranial tributaries of internal jugular vein Midbrain (mesencephalon) (draw cross section), cranial nerves III., IV., VI.
29. Bones and joints of hand including X-ray images Liver – segments, syntopy (draw scheme of visceral surface) Inferior vena cava - course and tributaries, cavocaval anastomoses Cerebellum – structure, subdivision and functional organization
30. Bony pelvis as complex, connections, passages, diameters, planes, sexual differences Liver - structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed, intrahepatic bile ducts Azygos and hemiazygos veins, vertebral venous plexuses Afferent and efferent connections of cerebellum and their function
31. Hip joint - structure, movements, congenital luxation, muscles of hip Gallblader and extrahepatic bile ducts (draw shceme), hepatoduodenal ligament Iliac veins and their tributaries Diencephalon – structure, subdivision and functional organization
32. Knee joint - structure, biomechanics Rectum and anal canal, syntopy (draw frontal and sagittal sections), vascular supply, sphincters and their innervation, mechanism of continence Superficial and deep veins of lower and upper extremities, varicose veins Thalamus – nuclei, connections and functional organization
33. Talocrural and subtalar joints - structure, movements Peritoneum - parietal and visceral, greater and lesser omentum, recesses of peritoneum Lymph node – structure and functional zones, sentinel lymph node, lymphatic tissue in organs Hypothalamus – subdivisions, connections and function
34. Bones and joints of foot including X-ray images, plantar arches and their support Nasal cavity, choanae, paranasal sinuses and their syntopy, vascular and nerve supply Main lymphatic ducts Hypophysis, hypothalamohypophyseal systém
35. General features of striated muscle, its auxiliary structures, motor end plate, motor unit, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, denervation atrophy Larynx (draw frontal section) - cartilagines, ligaments, joints, muscles, coniotomy (cricothyrotomy) Spleen – structure, position, syntopy, vascular supply Basal ganglia, their circuits and function, parkinsonism
36. Muscles and fascias of the head Larynx – position andsyntopy, vascular and nerve supply, (draw laryngoscopic view of inlet), laryngospasm Lymph nodes and collectors of abdomen and pelvis Ventricular system of brain (draw scheme), circulation of liquor
37. Muscles and fascias of the neck (draw transversal section of the neck) Lungs – description, syntopy, borders and projection onto thoracic wall, vascular and nerve supply, lymphatics Lymph nodes and collectors (superficial and deep) of upper and lower limbs Ventricular systém of brain (draw scheme), cicrulation of liquor
38. Muscles of abdominal wall, rectus muscle vagina (draw transversal section of the wall) Lungs – bronchial and alveolar tree, bronchopulmonary segments Eyeball (draw sagittal section), cornea, sclera and vitreous body Association and commissural fibers of hemisphere, internal capsule (draw scheme of tracts in internal capsule)
39. Inguinal canal (draw scheme), inguinal hernias Pleura – visceral and parietal, borders of pleura, pleural dome and recesses, pneumothorax Choroidea, iris, cilliary body, eyball chambers, circulation of aqueous humor, glaucoma Corticospinal (pyramidal) and corticonuclear tract
40. Pelvic floor muscles, ischioanal fossa, pelvic fascias (draw frontal section of pelvis) Kidney – desription, syntopy, envelopes, fixation (draw scheme) Retina (draw schema of eye fundus), detachment of retina; lens, accommodation, cataract Dorsal colum (lemniscal) systém of general sensory tracts, proprioceptive and tactile
41. Muscles and fascias of back (overview) Structure of kidney – cortex, medulla, vascualr supply, segments Blood supply and innervation of eyeball, corneal reflex, pupillary light reflex Anterolateral system of sensitive spinal tracts – (spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts), pain pathways
42. Muscles of shoulder girdle, shoulder joint Renal calices, pelvis, ureter – syntopy Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus Auditory and vestibular pathway
43. Muscles and fascias of arm (draw transverse section) Urinary bladder – structure and position, fixation and syntopy in male and female (draw scheme) Extraocular muscles, soft tissue in orbit Olfactory and gustatory pathway, olfactory nerve
44. Muscles and fascias of forearm (draw transverse section) Male and female urethra – description, its course as basis of catheterisation, External acustic meatus and tympanic membrane (draw otoscopic view), paracentesis Limbic system
45. Muscles and fascias of hand (draw transverse section), tendon sheaths, carpal canal Testis and epididymis, scrotum, descent of testis Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, auditory tube Neurotransmitters in the CNS and main brain chemical systems
46. Muscles and fascias of thigh, femoral triangle (draw transverse section and boundaries) Vas (ductus) deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles Bony and membrane labyrinths (draw cross section of bony cochlea and cochlear duct) vestibulocochlear nerve, nystagmus General structure of the spinal nerve, perineurium, vertebromedullar topography, segmental innervation, radicular areas, dermatomes
47. Muscles and fascias of leg (draw transverse section) Prostate - structure, topographic relations, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory ducts Skin – epidermis and dermis, hair, nails, glands, sensory endings Cervical plexus, supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus
48. Muscles and compartments of foot (draw transverse section) Penis – structure (draw cross-section), vascular and nerve supply, mechanism of errection Mamma - description and structure, blood supply and innervation, lymphatics Infraclavicularis portion of brachial plexus (draw scheme)
49. Layers of scalp,superficial regions of the face Uterine (Fallopian) tube - structure, divisions, position, vascular supply Thyroid and parathyroid glands – structure, function, topography, blood supply Radial and axillary nerve, paralysis of them
50. Infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space Uterus – structure, shape and divisions (draw scheme), vascular supply, lymphatics, endometrial cycle Suprarenal gland – structure, topography (draw schema), function, blood supply, paraganglias Median and ulnar nerve, paralysis of them
The questions for the final examination in anatomy for students of dentistry accordinf systems
Skeleton and its connections, muscles, fascias, osteofascial compartments (30) Structure and types of bones, bone marrow, innervation and blood supply of bone Ossification, bone age, remodeling and growth of bone Connection of bones, structures and types of joints, synovial joint The osseous nasal cavity, relations to neighboring structures Bony orbit - walls, relation to neighboring structures, passages Connections of skull, structure and biomechanics of temporomandibular Skull of neonate, its diameters compared to pelvic diameters, growth of skull Vertebrae, vertebral column, connections, curvatures and motility Skeleton of thorax, connections and motility of ribs, muscles of inspiration Bony pelvis as a complex, connections, passages, diameters, planes, sexual differences General features of striated muscle, its auxiliary structures, motor end plate, motor unit, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, denervation atrophy Muscles and fascias of the head Muscles and fascias of the neck (draw transversal section of the neck) Muscles and fascias of thorax Muscles of abdominal wall, rectus muscle vagina (draw transversal section of the wall) Inguinal canal (draw scheme), inguinal hernias Pelvic floor muscles, ischioanal fossa, pelvic fascias (draw frontal section of pelvis) Muscles and fascias of back
Gastrointestinal tract (17) Structure of the teeth, fixation, innervation and blood supply, gingivodental junction Primary and permanent dentition formula, eruption, types of occlusion Tongue, soft and hard palate, isthmus of fauces Salivary glands, their description, syntopy, innervation Pharynx – description, syntopy, blood supply, innervation, swallowing reflex Nasal, palatine and lingual tonsills (Waldeyer circle) Oesophagus – description, syntopy, narrowings, oesopahegal varices Stomach and lesser sac (omental bursa) Duodenum, jejunum, ileum – structure, blood supply, innervation, motility, mesentery The large intestine , structure, blood supply, innervation, motility Vermiform appendix – structure, positions, abdominal wall projections Pancreas – structure, syntopy, surgical approach, Langerhans islets Liver – segments, syntopy (draw scheme of visceral surface) Liver - structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed, intrahepatic bile ducts Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts(draw scheme), hepatoduodenal ligament Rectum and anal canal, syntopy (draw frontal and sagittal sections), vascular supply, sphincters and their innervation, mechanism of continence Peritoneum - parietal and visceral, greater and lesser omentum, recesses of peritoneum
Respiratory system (8) Nasal cavity, choanae, paranasal sinuses and their syntopy, vascular and nerve supply Larynx (draw frontal section) - cartilagines, ligaments, joints, muscles, coniotomy (cricothyrotomy) Larynx – position andsyntopy, vascular and nerve supply, (draw laryngoscopic view of inlet), laryngospasm Lungs – description, syntopy, borders and projection onto thoracic wall, vascular and nerve supply, lymphatics Lungs – bronchial and alveolar tree, bronchopulmonary segments Pleura – visceral and parietal, borders of pleura, pleural dome and recesses , pneumothorax Diaphragm and mechanics of respiration
Urinary and reproductive system (15) Kidney – description, syntopy, envelopes, fixation (draw scheme) Structure of kidney – cortex, medulla, vascualr supply, segments Renal calices, pelvis, ureter – syntopy Urinary bladder – structure and position, fixation and syntopy in male and female (draw scheme) Male and female urethra – description, its course as basis of catheterisation Testis and epididymis, scrotum, descent of testis Vas (ductus) deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles Prostate - structure, topographic relations, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory ducts Penis – structure (draw cross-section), vascular and nerve supply, mechanism of errection Ovary – structure and position, vascular supply, ovarian cycle Uterine (Fallopian) tube - structure, divisions, position, vascular supply Uterus – structure, shape and divisions (draw scheme), vascular supply, lymphatics, endometrial cycle Uterus – fixation, syntopy, position (draw scheme), its changes during pregnancy, broad ligament of uterus Vagina – structure and syntopy (draw uterus and vagina in sagittal section) External female genital organs, perineum
Heart (7) Heart - description, chambers, heart wall arrangement (draw section through ventricles) Cardiac valves-structure and function, cardiac skeleton (draw skeleton scheme) Conducting system of the heart- structure and function, heart innervation Coronary arteries, coronarogrpahy, veins and nerves, lymphatics Heart location and projection, X-ray (draw scheme of radiogram), auscultation heart points Epicardium and pericardium – structure, syntopy, pericardial reflections around the roots of the great vessels Systemic and pulmonary circulation, prenatal circulation
Arteries (8) Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery External carotid artery Maxillary artery Subclavian artery Abdominal aorta, position, topographic relations, parietal and paired visceral branches Abdominal aorta, unpaired visceral branches and their clinically important anastomoses External and internal iliac artery
Veins (7) Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, subclavian vein, axillary vein Internal jugular vein - course and extracaranial tributaries Cranial veins, sinus durae matris, intracranial tributaries of internal jugular vein Inferior vena cava - course and tributaries, cavocaval anastomoses Azygos and hemiazygos veins, vertebral venous plexuses Portal vein - tributaries, portocaval (portosystemic) anastomosis and their clinical relevance
Lymphatic system (7) Lymph node – structure and functional zones, sentinel lymph node, lymphatic tissue in organs Main lymphatic ducts Thymus - structure, position and syntopy, function Spleen – structure, position, syntopy, vascular supply Lymph nodes and collectors of head and neck Lymph nodes and collectors of thorax Lymph nodes and collectors of abdomen and pelvis
Central nervous system – CNS (27) Spinal cord, roots of spinal nerve, branching of spinal nerve (draw scheme), cauda equina Spinal cord – structure of gray matter, cross section (draw scheme) Motor pathways in spinal cord and motor deficiencies in spinal cord lesions Sensory pathways in spinal cord and sensory loss in spinal cord lesions Blood supply of spinal cord, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture Medulla oblongata Pons Floor of rhomboid fossa and cranial nerve nuclei (draw scheme) Reticular formation Midbrain (mesencephalon) (draw cross section), cranial nerves III., IV., VI. Cerebellum – structure, subdivision and functional organization Afferent and efferent connections of cerebellum and their function Diencephalon – structure, subdivision and functional organization Thalamus – nuclei, connections and functional organization Hypothalamus – subdivisions, connections and function Hypophysis, hypothalamohypophyseal system Basal ganglia, their circuits and function, parkinsonism Main functional areas of cerebral cortex Ventricular system of brain (draw scheme), circulation of liquor Association and commissural fibers of hemisphere, internal capsule (draw scheme of tracts in internal capsule) Brain vessels and meninges Corticospinal (pyramidal) and corticonuclear tract Dorsal column (lemniscal) system of general sensory tracts, proprioceptive and tactile sensation Anterolateral system of sensitive spinal tracts – (spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts), pain pathways Auditory and vestibular pathway Visual pathway and visual cortical areas Olfactory and gustatory pathway, olfactory nerve
Peripheral nervous system – PNS (11) General structure of the spinal nerve, perineurium, vertebromedullar topography, segmental innervation, radicular areas, dermatomes Cervical plexus, supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus Skin and motor innervation of head and neck First and second branch of trigeminal nerve Third branch of trigeminal nerve Facial nerve, Bell´s palsy Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve Accessory and hypoglossal nerves Cranial and sacral parasympathetic system Cervical and thoracic sympathetic system Abdominal and pelvic sympathetic system, prevertebral plexuses and ganglia
Sensory organs, skin, endocrine glands (13) Eyball (draw sagittal section), cornea, sclera and vitreous body Choroidea, iris, cilliary body, eyball chambers, circulation of aqueous humor, glaucoma Retina (draw schema of eye fundus), detachment of retina; lens, accommodation, cataract Blood supply and innervation of eyeball, corneal reflex, pupillary light reflex Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus Extraocular muscles, soft tissue in orbit External acustic meatus and tympanic membrane (draw otoscopic view), paracentesis Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, auditory tube Bony and membrane labyrinths (draw cross section of bony cochlea and cochlear duct) vestibulocochlear nerve, nystagmus Skin – epidermis and dermis, hair, nails, glands, sensory endings Mamma - description and structure, blood supply and innervation, lymphatics Thyroid and parathyroid glands – structure, function, topography, blood supply Suprarenal gland – structure, topography (draw schema), function, blood supply, paraganglias
Regional Anatomy (17) Layers of scalp, superficial layer of facial regions Infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space External and internal cranial base - openings for vessels and nerves Submandibular triangle, carotid triangle (draw scheme) Lateral neck region, scalenic fissure Mediastinum – division, borders (draw transverse section) Topography of chest wall, surface projections of heart, lungs and pleura Topography of abdominal wall, blood supply, innervation and surface projections of abdominal organs Inguinal region, inguinal canal, hernias (draw schema of inguinal canal) Topography of supramesocolic part of peritoneal cavity (draw transverse section through lesser sac) Topography of duodenum and pancreas (draw schema) Topography of inframesocolic part of peritoneal cavity Retroperitoneal space, topography of its organs and main vessels and nerves Topographic anatomy of male pelvis (draw sagittal section), importance of rectal exam Topographic anatomy of the female pelvis (draw sagittal section) Perineal region (draw schema), ischioanal fossa (draw frontal section of pelvis) Topography of spinal canal (draw transverse section), anatomic backgrounds of spinal tap (lumbar puncture) and epidural anesthesia
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