Poslední úprava: prof. RNDr. Petr Němec, Ph.D. (23.06.2021)
1. Basic equations of electromagnetic theory.
- Electromagnetic origin of light, Maxwell equations, boundary conditions.
- Wave equation, Helmoltz equation. Phase and group velocity of light.
- Energy, intensity, radiation pressure and momentum of electromagnetic wave.
2. Polarization of light.
- Polarization ellipse, linear and circular polarization. Angular momentum of electromagnetic wave.
- Propagation of light in anisotropic media. Polarization devices - polarizers, wave plates, polarization rotators.
- Mathematical description of polarization - Jones vectors and matrices, Stokes parameters, Poincaré sphere.
3. Instrumental optics.
- Geometrical optics, light rays. Optical imaging by reflection and refraction on a spherical interface, mirrors, lenses. Ray transfer matrix analysis. Aberrations (monochromatic and chromatic).
- Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction on slit, rectangular and spherical aperture; implications for a construction of optical instruments. Optical diffraction grating.
- Optical imaging instruments (magnifier glasses, microscope, telescope). Spectral instruments - spectrometers (prism and grating) and interferometers.
4. Light waves in absorbing medium.
- Propagation of light in conductive medium, complex index of refraction.
- Reflection and refraction of plane waves on interfaces, Fresnel formulae.
- Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation.
5. Introduction to theory of optical coherence.
- Complex representation of monochromatic and polychromatic waves, Fourier transformation, complex analytical signal. Statistical optics, ergodicity principle.
- Time coherence, correlation function, power spectrum, Wiener-Chinčin theorem. Spatial coherence.
- Interference of partially coherent light, Michelson interferometer, Fourier spectrometers.
- Partial polarization, coherence matrix, degree of polarization.
6. Fourier optics.
- Two-dimensional Fourier transformation, spatial frequencies.
- Optical transfer function of imaging system, impulse response.
- Optical computation of Fourier transform, spatial filtration.
7. Gaussian beams and optical resonators.
- Paraxial Helmholtz equation. Gaussian beam - complex amplitude, intensity, radius, divergence, wavefronts. Transformation of Gaussian beam by optical elements, transformation of terahertz waves, ABCD law.
- Optical resonators - resonant frequencies, longitudinal and transversal modes. Losses in resonators. Boyd-Kogelnik stability diagram.
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