Principles of Genetics: Syllabus
L: Lectures
S: seminars or practical courses, the last seminar are practical, the correct time scedule will be announced in October
Lectures:
L1: Introduction to Genomics:
Genes and Their Evolution, The First Genomes , Genomic Structures
Genome Size and Its Evolution
L2: Transmission Genetics:
Mendel´s Principles of Gene Transfer, The Principles of Segregation and Independent Assortment Versus Meiosis, The Reasons for Non-Mendelian Transmission, Intergene (Non Allelic) Interactions (Based on Epistasis)
L3: Extranuclear Inheritance:
Main Features of Extranuclear Gene Transmission. Examples of Uniparental and Biparental Gene Transfer. The Genomes of Semiautonomous Organelles: Main Features of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA. Application of mtDNA Analysis. Mitochondria In Parasites
L4: Gene Linkage and Genetic Maps:
Morgan´s Laws, Map Distance And Recombination Frequency, Haplotype, Gene Mapping Using Molecular Markers (SNP, RFLP), Linkage Disequilibrium (LD), Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), Genetic maps in parasites
L5: Gene Mutations:
Induced Site Specific Mutations For Gene Function Analysis. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Vector Organisms and Parasites, GMO and Cartagena Protocol.
L6: Molecular Taxonomy
Concept of homology, natural taxa, why to make trees and use molecular data for it, multiple sequence alignment, distance and character methods of tree construction, bootstrapping, rooting the tree, interpretation of results.
L7: Principles of Population Genetics
Allele and Genotype Frequencies in Autogamic and Ideal Panmictic Populations.
Hardy-Weinberg Law. Selection , Mutation, Migration, Genetic Drift Change Allele Frequencies. Inbreeding Causes Heterozygote Frequency Reduction.
L8: Evolutionary Genomics:
Comparative Genomics: The Tools. Selecting Appropriate Markers for Different Phylogenetic Distances. Dynamics of Genomes (Repetitive DNA, Epigenomics). Trends in Genomic Research
L9: Chromosomes and Chromatin
Chromosome Morphology, Telomere (Composition, Function), Nucleolar Organizer Region (Composition, Function), Centromere (Composition, Function). Holocentric Chromosomes.
Chromatin, Composition, Histones and HMG Proteins. Histone Types, Structure of Nucleosome. Subtypes and Modification of Histones and their Significance. Superspiralisation of Chromatin. Euchromatin and Heterochromatin, Constitutive and Facultative Heterochromatin, Functions of Heterochromatin, Position Effect of Variegation, Insulators. B Chromosomes.
Methods of Chromosome Analysis. Banding Techniques. Methods pf Molecular Cytogenetics. Flow Cytometry
L10: Mitosis ans Meiosis
Mitosis. Structure and Function Of Centrosome and Similar Structures. Course of Mitosis: Initiation of Nuclear Division at Prophase, Spindle (Types Of Microtubules), Molecular Cascade Ensuring Chromosome Segregation, Metaphase Checkpoint, Nondisjunction, Anaphase A and B. Evolution Of Mitosis.
Meiosis. Zygotic and Gametic Reduction. Significance and Course Of Meiosis. Specific Features of Prophase I. Synapsis and Formation of Bivalents, Bouquet. Synaptonemal Complex. Recombination and Meiotic Crossing-Over, Basic Molecular Mechanisms. Chiasmata. Evolution of Meiosis: Achiasmatic and Inverted Meiosis.
L11: Chromosome and Genome Mutations. Mutagen Testing
Chromosome Changes. Chromosome Rearrangements: Classification, Induction, Clastogens. Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Transposition, Translocation, Fusion, Isochromosome, Behaviour of Chromosomes at Meiosis of Heterozygotes. Complex Chromosome Rearrangements (e.g., Chromothripsis).
Genome Mutations: Aneuploidy, Polyploidy. Animal Polyploidy.
Testing of Potential Mutagens Inducing Chromosome Rearrangements and Genome Mutations. Karyotype Changes at Cancer Cells.
L12: Sex Chromosomes and Reproduction
Chromosomes and Sex. Hermafroditism, Epigamy. Chromosome Determination of Sex, Sex Chromosomes, Homogametic and Heterogametic Sex, Evolution of Sex Chromosomes. Mechanisms of Alosome Degeneration, Neo-Sex Chromosomes.
Dose Compensation . Sex Chromosome Inactivation, , Lyonisation and Barr Body, XIST Gene.
Reversion Of Sex Chromosomes To Autosomes. Haplodiploidy, Parahaploidy, Thelytoky.
L9: Gene Expression
Specific Features In Gene Expression In B Cells. Transcriptomic Analysis In Parasites – The Main Findings
Seminars
S1: Introduction to The Course (Information). Genetic Terminology
Gene, Allele, Housekeeping and Regulated Genes. Intra-Gene Allelic Interactions, Genotype and Phenotype, Qualitative and Quantitative Traits, Genetic Background.
S2: Revison of Introductory Test
S3: Transmission Genetics
Mendelian Genetics, Analysis of Dominace and Recessivity. Different Types of Crosses, Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios, Intergenic Interactions.
S4: Transmission Genetics 2
Non-Mendelian Genetics. Sex Linked Traits.
S5: Gene Linkage And Gene Mapping
Recombination Frequency And Its Evaluation. Two-Point And Three-Point Test Crosses.
Identification Of Gene Location.
S6: Gene Mutations
Revision of Terms, Parameters of The Ames Test and the Result Analysis
S7: Molecular Taxonomy
Data Analysis: Construction of phylogenetic tree from a provided data set using online tools – multiple sequence alignment, tree construction, visualisation and figure production.
S8: Population Genetics
Autogamic And Panmictic Populations. Allelic And Genotypic Frequencies In The Ideal And Real Populations
S9, S10, S11, S12: Cytogenetics (a whole day course)
Microscopic Observations:
Chromosome Morphology, Banding Techniques and Human Karyotype. Course of Mitotic Division.
Meiosis, Frequency of Recombinations.
Sex Chromosomes and Their Evolution, Chromosome Rearrangements, Meiosis of Heterozygotes for Rearrangements. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH).
S13: Modern Trends In Genomics And Ethical Issues
Genome editing, Personalized Medicine
Open Discussion with Student Presentations
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Poslední úprava: Schierová Michaela, RNDr., Ph.D. (08.03.2026)