Farmakologie je vědní disciplína studující interakce léčiva s organismem jak ve smyslu farmakokinetickém (osud léčiva v organismu), tak ve smyslu farmakodynamickém (ovlivnění organismu léčivem). Tyto interakce jsou studovány na všech úrovních, tedy od molekulární a buněčné až po úroveň orgánovou a celého organismu.
Výuka farmakologie ve studijním programu Farmacie je rozdělena do dvou bezprostředně navazujících částí – Farmakologie I (zimní semestr 3. úseku studia) a Farmakologie II (letní semestr 3. úseku studia). V průběhu studia se studenti nejdříve seznámí s obecnými zákonitostmi farmakokinetiky (absorpce, distribuce, metabolismus a exkrece) a farmakodynamiky (mechanismy účinků léčiv, rozdělení nežádoucích účinků, principy lékových interakcí). Následně jsou probírána témata speciální farmakologie podle jednotlivých orgánových systémů (např. kardiovaskulární, CNS, endokrinní…). Při výuce farmakologie je současně kladen důraz i na klinické aspekty účinků léčiv u člověka. Osvojené poznatky následně umožňují farmaceutovi, ve spolupráci s lékařem, přispívat k racionální, bezpečné a efektivní farmakoterapii.
Výuka Farmakologie II probíhá v letním semestru 3. úseku studia a bezprostředně navazuje na předmět Farmakologie I (zimní semestr 3. úseku studia). Výuka předmětu Farmakologie II se zaměřuje na následující tematické okruhy:
Speciální farmakologie
Farmakologie centrálního nervového systému (2. část)
Farmakologie zánětu a imunitní odpovědi
Farmakologie endokrinního systému
Farmakologie krve a hematopoetického systému
Farmakologie respiračního systému
Farmakologie ledvin
Farmakologie gastrointestinálního traktu
Farmakologie reprodukčního systému
Chemoterapie infekčních onemocnění
Chemoterapie nádorových onemocnění
Poslední úprava: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (07.01.2018)
Pharmacology is a scientific discipline studying the interactions of drugs with the organism both in the sense of pharmacokinetics (the fate of the drug in the organism) and pharmacodynamics (effect of drugs on the organism). These interactions are studied at all levels (molecular, cellular, organ, whole organisms).
Pharmacology teaching in the “Pharmacy study program” is divided into two immediately adjacent parts: Pharmacology I (taught in winter semester of the 3rd year) and Pharmacology II (taught in summer semester of the 3rd year). Students will first learn about the general rules of pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (mechanisms of drug effects, adverse reactions, principles of drug-drug interactions). Subsequently, topics of special pharmacology are discussed according to individual organ systems (e.g. cardiovascular, CNS, endocrine...). In the course of pharmacology, emphasis is also placed on the clinical aspects of drug effects in humans. The knowledge gained subsequently enables the pharmacist, in collaboration with a physician, to contribute to rational, safe and effective pharmacotherapy.
Pharmacology II is taught in the summer semester of the 3rd year immediately following the subject Pharmacology I (winter semester of the 3rd year). The subject of Pharmacology II focuses on the following thematic areas:
Special pharmacology
Pharmacology of the central nervous system (part II)
Pharmacology of inflammation and immune response
Pharmacology of the endocrine system
Pharmacology of the blood and haematopoietic system
Pharmacology of the respiratory system
Pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract
Pharmacology of the reproductive system
Chemotherapy of infections
Cancer chemotherapy
Poslední úprava: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (07.01.2018)
Podmínky zakončení předmětu -
Zápočtový test/Ústní zkouška z farmakologie II
Zápis na zápočtový test:
probíhá výlučně přes SIS
je možné se přihlásit/odhlásit nejpozději ve 1200 v den předcházející zápočtovému testu
Identifikace a zápočty:
Pro identifikaci je nutné mít u sebe oficiální doklad totožnosti (přípustné jsou občanský průkaz, cestovní pas a ISIC karta).
Podmínky pro získání zápočtu
Základními podmínkami pro získání zápočtu ze seminární výuky Farmakologie II (4. úsek studia, zimní semestr) jsou:
1. Účast na seminářích. Toleruje se maximálně 1 omluvená neúčast ze 14 seminářů. Případné další neúčasti budou řešeny v jednotlivých případech vedoucími seminářů.
2. Úspěšné napsání zápočtového testu z celé farmakologie, za následujících podmínek:
zápočtový test obsahuje látku z celé farmakologie (I a II), včetně obecné (farmakokinetika, farmakodynamika)
k testu se student přihlašuje pomocí SIS
student má právo na tři termíny zápočtového testu
test je složen ze 14 otázek (4 x obecná farmakologie, 10 x speciální farmakologie), maximálně lze dosáhnout 47 bodů
pro úspěšné napsání testu (a tím možnosti přihlásit se k ústní zkoušce z farmakologie) je třeba získat minimálně 35 bodů
pokud student této hranice nedosáhne ani v jednom ze tří pokusů, ale dosáhne dohromady ze všech tří testů alespoň 75 bodů a současně získá jedenkráte alespoň 31 bodů, může požádat vedoucího seminářů o ústní přezkoušení k získání zápočtu. Ústní zápočet se zkouší vždy komisionálně, tj. budou přítomni 2 vyučující seminářů, a této možnosti lze využít pouze jedenkrát.
doba vymezená na psaní písemných testů je 40 minut
Ústní zkouška:
Po úspěšném absolvování zápočtu je možné se zapsat na zkoušku, opět platí do 12:00 hodin den předcházející zkoušce.
Zkoušejícími jsou Prof. Štaud, Doc. Mladěnka, Doc. Trejtnar, Dr. Čečková, Dr. Červený, Dr. Pourová a Prof. Hrdina
Poslední úprava: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (08.01.2018)
Credit test/Oral exam Pharmacology II
Credit test registration:
exclusively via SIS
you can register, or cancel your registration, no later than by 1200 of the day preceding the credit test
Identification, credit and exam:
You must bring an official document for your identification (passport, ISIC card or student's record book)
The tests will be corrected, and the results announced, the same day.
You can register for the exam after successful credit test - again no later than by 1200 of the day preceding the exam.
Oral exam:
after successful credit test, you can register for oral exam with one of following examiners: Prof. Štaud, Assoc. Prof. Mladěnka, Assoc. Prof. Trejtnar, Dr. Čečková, Dr. Pourová and Dr. Červený
available terms for oral exams will be announced always on Fridays for the week following written credit test
Requirements for getting the credit
Basic requirements for obtaining the credit from Pharmacology (summer term) are as follows:
1. Attendance of the seminars. Maximum one justified absence of total 14 seminars is tolerated. Any additional absences will be solved individually by the teachers.
2. Passing the written credit test from the whole pharmacology, i.e., winter and summer terms, including general pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) under the following conditions:
students can sit for the credit test three times
test comprises 14 questions (4 questions from the general pharmacology and 10 questions from the special pharmacology; 47 points is the achievable maximum)
for successful passing the credit test (and possibility to register for oral exam) it is necessary to score at least 35 points in the test
if a student does not achieve this limit in any of the three attempts, but he/she gets in total 75 points and as well at least once 31 points, he/she can ask a seminar teacher for oral exam for getting the credit. There will be two teachers present at this oral credit exam and this possibility can be used only once.
the time limit for writing the test is 40 minutes
Poslední úprava: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (08.01.2018)
Literatura
Doporučená:
Rang, H. P., Ritter, J. M. Flower, R. J. Henderson, Graeme. Pharmacology. null: null, 2016, 760 s. ISBN 978-0-7020-5363-4.
Lüllmann, Heinz Mohr, Klaus Hein, Lutz. Color atlas of pharmacology. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2011, 393 s. ISBN 978-3-13-781704-8.
Katzung, Bertram G. Masters, Susan B. Trevor, Anthony J. (eds.). Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015, 1201 s. ISBN 978-1-25-925290-7.
Poslední úprava: prepocet_literatura.php (19.09.2024)
Sylabus -
Farmakologie centrálního nervového systému (2. část)
Přehled neurotransmiterů a látek ovlivňujících neurotransmisi
Pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis; pharmacotherapy of gout arthritis
Immunomodulators: Immunosuppressant drugs. Overview of immunostimulants
Pharmacology of the endocrine system
Thyroid hormones. Treatment of hypo- and hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus. Treatment with insulin, oral hypoglycaemic agents and other antidiabetic drugs.
Hormones of adrenal cortex: Glucocorticoids
Bone metabolism: Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis
Pharmacology of the blood and haematopoietic system
Drugs affecting haemostasis and fibrinolysis
Drugs affecting the haematopoietic system: Treatment of anaemia by iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 and erythropoietin. Overview of other haematopoietic growth factors
Pharmacology of the respiratory system
Pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Drugs used for cough
Pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract
Treatment of peptic ulcer disease
Drugs affecting vomiting
Therapy of constipation and acute diarrhoea: laxatives and antidiarrheal agents
Pharmacology of the reproductive system
Female sex hormones, therapeutic use: Hormonal contraception. Hormone replacement therapy
Male sex hormones. Anabolic steroids. Overview of treatment of erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Drugs acting on the uterus
Chemotherapy of infections
Antibacterial drugs
Sulfonamides. Trimethoprim
β-lactam antibiotics - penicillins
β-lactam antibiotics – cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics. Bacitracin. Vancomycin.
Tetracyclines. Aminoglycosides
Macrolides. Lincosamides. Chloramphenicol.
Fluoroquinolones.
Metronidazole. Nitrofurantoin. Locally used antibiotics.
Antimycobacterial agents
Antituberculosis drugs. Short overview of antileprosy drugs
Antiviral agents
Antifungal drugs
Therapy of protozoal infections: malaria, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, amoebosis. Short overview of other protozoal infections and their treatment modalities.
Anthelminthic drugs
Cancer chemotherapy
Overview of anticancer drugs including targeted therapy – modes of action, side effects
Poslední úprava: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (07.01.2018)
Výsledky učení - angličtina
ThesubjectPharmacology II builds on theknowledge and skillsacquired in thesubjectPharmacology I and itsprecedingsubjects.
Aftercompletingthesubject, studentswillknowpharmacodynamicapproaches to possibletherapeutic influence on thefollowingdiseases: epilepsy, depression, insomnia, pain (frommild to very severe, includinginflammatory and migrainepain), gouty and rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes I and II, osteoporosis, infectiousdiseases (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasiticorigin), cough, COPD and bronchialasthma. They willalsoknowthepharmacologicalpossibilitiesoftherapeutic influence on thefunctionsofthecirculatorysystem and bloodclotting, the digestive system, hormonalsystems (female and male sex hormones, thyroidgland, adrenalcortexhormones) and approaches to thetreatmentofcancer, includingmoderntargetedtherapy.
Students will be able to discuss knowledge in the above-mentioned areas of special pharmacology in the context of general pharmacology, the knowledge of which they acquired in Pharmacology I. To successfully pass the Pharmacology II exam, it will be necessary to demonstrate the knowledge listed in the learning outcomes for Pharmacology I.
Learning outcomes:
Based on the acquired knowledge and skills, the student can discuss approaches to possible therapeutic influence in connection with the pathological causes of the disease, list specific drug representatives, state their molecular mechanisms of action, main indications (Ind), derive key adverse effects (NAE) and name significant drug interactions (LI) and contraindications (KI).
Specifically, the student will be able to:
Explain the principles of therapy for viral diseases (both retroviral and non-retroviral), the basic mechanisms of action of given groups of antiviral drugs and list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI
Explain the principles of therapy for bacterial infections, the basic mechanisms of action of given groups of antibacterial drugs including antituberculosis drugs, within each group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI
Explain the principles of therapy of fungal infections, the basic mechanisms of action of given groups of antifungal drugs, within each group, list the corresponding representatives of drugs and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI
Explain the principles of therapy of infections caused by parasites (helminthiasis, protozoal infections), explain the basic mechanisms of action of anthelmintics and antiprotozoals, within each group, list the corresponding representatives of drugs and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI
Explain the principles of therapy of cancer diseases. Discuss (A) the basic principles of antiproliferative therapy and (B) targeted antitumor therapy. State the basic division of pharmacological groups of cytostatics, within each group, list the corresponding representatives of drugs, discuss the significant NÚ of this group of drugs, list examples of biological and low-molecular drugs used in targeted antitumor therapy, list the basic significant NÚ.
Explain the principles of influencing hemostasis and fibrinolysis, define the groups of antiplatelet agents, antihemorrhagics, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics and antifibrinolytics. Within each group, the student can name the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI
Explain in the context of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease development the principles of cough therapy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Within the above diseases, list the pharmacodynamic groups of drugs used, explain their mechanisms of action, list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI.
Explain in the context of the cause of pain the therapeutic possibilities of influencing it, distinguishing between the therapy of mild to very severe pain, inflammatory and migraine pain. Within the partial pharmacodynamic groups, the student can name the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI.
Explain the possibilities of influencing the immune system, within the groups of immunosuppressive and immunostimulating drugs, then discuss the mechanisms of their action, indications and list the corresponding drug representatives, including their significant INDs, or LI and KI
List the possibilities of therapeutically influencing the activity of the central nervous system, in terms of the therapy of epilepsy, psychotic diseases, anxiety, insomnia and depression. Explain the basic mechanisms of action of the mentioned pharmacodynamic groups, within each group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant INDs, INDs, or LI and KI
List the possibilities of therapeutically influencing the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, in terms of the therapy of acid-peptic diseases, diarrhea, constipation and prevention of nausea and vomiting. Explain the basic mechanisms of the effects of drugs within the mentioned pharmacodynamic groups, within each group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant INDs, INDs, or LI and CI
Explain (in the context of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease) the principles of therapy for type I and II diabetes mellitus, list the key representatives of drugs, their main Ind, NÚ and any significant CI and LI for individual pharmacodynamic groups.
List the possibilities of therapeutically influencing the activity of other hormonal systems, specifically male and female sex hormones, hormones of the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland. Explain the mechanisms of action of drugs affecting individual systems, name their basic indications and within each pharmacodynamic group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant NÚ, or LI and CI
Discuss the therapeutic use of vitamins, name their basic representatives, main Ind and any NÚ and CI.
Within the provided list of drugs for FGLII, students will be able to classify each of the drugs into a pharmacodynamic group, explain the mechanism of action, state the basic indication, discuss the use of these drugs in therapy and describe any adverse effects and corresponding important drug interactions.
Poslední úprava: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (26.03.2025)
