Poslední úprava: Eiselt Jaromír, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.08.2025)
INTERNAL MEDICINE II - ANNOTATION 4th year, winter semester:
In the winter semester, the subject Interna II contains 13 lectures on diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, pankreas, liver and biliary tract, disorders of water, minerals and acid base balance and diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract. Practical teaching takes place mainly in the inpatient wards of the 1st internal clinic and consists of 13 practicals. Internships are focused on the aforementioned topics of internal medicine. Students take medical history and do physical examination of patients with the listed diseases. During practicals, according to the current possibilities of the given department (patients with the given disease are present), students under the guidance of their teachers focus on the typical symptoms (anamnesis + clinical presentation) of the patient's digestive and uropoietic system. In individual patients, they further focus on evaluating the state of water, mineral and acid-base management and identify specific disorders and their possible causes. They try to relate the anamnesis and the current clinical condition of the patient with the findings of laboratory, imaging and functional tests. Linking anamnestic data, physical findings, knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease and its reflection in graphic and other tests is key to understanding the disease and is also a starting point for proper treatment. A careful examination of a specific patient and a logical chain of steps for purposeful examinations, their interpretation and the correct treatment should help students to fix knowledge about patients in their memory. Conscientious and
careful examination of the patient gives the student invaluable practical experience. The student learns empathy, a sensitive approach. Contact with the patient is the most and we emphasize it; but training in the seminar room is also part of the teaching, further using e-learning and watching instructional videos. As part of the gastroenterology and nephrology subjects, students will visit the gastroenterology and nephrology outpatient clinics, hemodialysis center, where they will see e.g. gastroscopy, colonoscopy, ERCP or kidney function replacement methods, depending on the operational possibilities.
INTERNAL MEDICINE II - ANNOTATION 4th year, summer semester:
In the summer semester, the subject Interna II includes 13 lectures on endocrine diseases, diabetes mellitus, as well as geriatrics, rheumatology and hematology. Practical teaching takes place mainly in the inpatient wards of the 1st internal clinic and the Hemato-oncology department and consists of 13 practices. Internships are focused on the aforementioned topics of internal medicine. Students perform medical history and physical examination of patients with the mentioned diseases. During practicals, according to the current possibilities of the given department (patients with the given disease are present), students, under the guidance of their teachers, focus on typical symptoms
(anamnesis + clinical presentation) of endocrine diseases, including people with diabetes mellitus, people with rheumatological and hematological problems. They are guided to look for connections between the history and the current clinical condition of the patient with the findings of laboratory, imaging procedures, and other tests. Linking the anamnesis, physical findings, knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease and its reflection in graphic and other tests is key to understanding the disease and is also a starting point for proper treatment. A careful examination of a specific patient and a logical chain of steps for purposeful examinations, their interpretation and correct treatment should help students to fix in their memory knowledge about patients, respectively about the diseases being studied. Conscientious and careful examination of the patient gives the student invaluable practical experience. The student learns empathy, a sensitive approach. Contact with the patient is the most and we emphasize it; but training in the seminar room is also part of the teaching, further using e-learning and watching instructional videos. As part of the subjects of endocrinology, diabetology, rheumatology and hematology, students will visit the respective outpatient departments according to the operational possibilities, they will see blood element separators athemato-oncology.
Poslední úprava: Psutková Veronika, Ing. (20.02.2026)
Podmínky zakončení předmětu -
see file LEARN_OBJ etc.
Poslední úprava: Eiselt Jaromír, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.08.2025)
Students will set their own accounts on the educational platform "osmosis.org." As part of the course, we will require them to learn how to use this professional educational tool and be able to demonstrate their skills to their instructor during practical training. At the end of each block of lectures (according to field of study), students will demonstrate that they have watched several videos related to the topics covered in the lectures and answered questions related to them. These skills, together with participation in practical training (we tolerate a maximum of 20% absenteeism), are a prerequisite for receiving credit. There will be no written tests. There is no exam in INTERNAL MEDICINE II.
Poslední úprava: Psutková Veronika, Ing. (20.02.2026)
Literatura -
see file LEARN_OBJ etc.
Poslední úprava: Eiselt Jaromír, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.08.2025)
1. amboss.com 2. osmosis.org 3. Ian D. Penman et al.: Davidson´s Principles & Practice of Medicine, Elsevier, 24., last ed., respectively 4. Ines J. Alastair et al.: Macleods´s Clinical Examination, Elsevier, 14., last ed. respectively 5. Lectures on Internal medicine II. 6. Strachan MWJ et al.: Davidson´s 100 Clinical Cases, Elsevier, 2012, last ed., respectively 7. Japp AG et al.: Macleod´s Clinical Diagnosis, Elsevier, 2018, last ed., respectively
Poslední úprava: Psutková Veronika, Ing. (20.02.2026)
Sylabus -
see file LEARN_OBJ etc.
Poslední úprava: Eiselt Jaromír, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.08.2025)
INTERNAL MEDICINE II - SYLLABUS - WINTER SEMESTER Course 4; (13 lectures and 13 practicals of 2 hours each)
Gastroenterology. Approach to a patient with gastrointestinal disease. Clinical examination, laboratory and imaging methods. Diseases of the oesophagus.
Diseases of the stomach and duodenum. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
Diseases of the small intestine, colon and rectum.
Diseases of the pancreas.
Diseases of the liver and bile ducts. Approach to a patient with liver and bile duct disease, clinical examination, laboratory and imaging methods. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts. Liver failure.
Liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension. Infectious, toxic, metabolic and autoimmune diseases of the liver, liver and pregnancy. Liver tumours. Liver transplantation.
Clinical biochemistry and metabolism - disturbances of water and ion balance.
Clinical biochemistry and metabolism - disturbances of acid-base balance.
Nephrology. Approach to a patient with kidney and urinary tract diseases. Clinical examination, laboratory and imaging methods. Diseases of renal vessels.
Glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis.
Polycystic kidneys and other hereditary nephropathies. Kidney tumours. Kidney disease in pregnancy. Metabolic tubular syndromes. Urolithiasis.
Acute damage and chronic kidney dysfunction. Uremia. Conservative treatment of kidney failure.
Replacement of kidney function by dialysis methods and transplantation. Therapeutic plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption.
INTERNAL MEDICINE II SYLLABUS - SUMMER SEMESTER Course 4; (13 lectures and 13 practicals of 2 hours each)
Endocrinology. Approach to the patient with endocrine disease. Clinical examination, laboratory and imaging methods. Diseases of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Diseases of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands.
Adrenal diseases.
Diabetes mellitus part I. Diagnosis, clinical assessment, classification. Diet, lifestyle, oral and injectable treatment. Management of diabetes in the hospitalized diabetic.
Diabetes mellitus part II. Hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Hypoglycemia. Organ complications of diabetes. Malnutrition, obezity and metabolic syndrome.
Rheumatology. Approach to the patient with musculoskeletal disease. Clinical examination, laboratory and imaging methods. Autoimmune and degenerative joint disease. Crystal-induced arthritis.
Connective tissue diseases. Vasculitides. Osteoporosis, osteomalacia, bone tumors.
Approach to the geriatric patient. Examination, diagnosis and treatment of the geriatric patient. Common problems of the geriatric patient (falls, confusion, incontinence, polypharmacy, dizziness). A multidisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of the geriatric patient
Disorders of hemostasis. Thrombohemorrhagic balance. Thrombophilic conditions. Bleeding conditions. Congenital and acquired vasculopathy. Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy. Congenital and acquired coagulopathy. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.
Anemia. Types of anemia, clinical manifestations, anemic syndrome, diagnosis and treatment of anemia.
Poslední úprava: Psutková Veronika, Ing. (20.02.2026)
Výsledky učení -
see file LEARN_OBJ etc.
Poslední úprava: Eiselt Jaromír, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.08.2025)
INTERNAL MEDICINE II - LEARNING OUTCOMES, LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4th year, winter and summer semester
- After completing the cycle of lectures and practicals, the student should be able to describe in a structured manner the individual diseases in the field of internal medicine that are part of the syllabus in the given semester. - For the individual diseases discussed, they will learn the basic etiology and pathophysiology of the disease, the typical signs by which the disease is defined and by which the disease manifests itself in its beginnings, in its further course, or in its developed form, and knows the symptoms that indicate successful treatment. - After completing the course, the student should be able to correctly ask the patient about a past medical history and history of present disease. Student asks relevant, but not instructive questions. History taking must be structured and be in relation to the diseases discussed. The student should always be able to explain how the answer to the given question will contribute to the diagnosis. - From the obtained data from the interview with the patient and from the results of the physical examination, the student should be able to establish and verbally and in writing formulate his differential diagnosis - which diseases come into consideration in the given situation. - Based on the history and physical examination, the student should be able to suggest further investigation procedures, i.e. additional laboratory, imaging, functional or other tests that will clarify the diagnosis. Sometimes it is possible to propose partial treatment measures already after taking the medical history and physical examination - in these situations the student knows what to do (for example, if there are signs of left-sided heart failure, put the patient in a semi-sitting position and give oxygen if there is desaturation). - Based on the examinations, the student establishes a working diagnosis and proposes treatment. - The student should learn to identify and concisely describe the basic health problem of the examined patient in a short communication (oral and written) in a few sentences. - The above assumes that the student has studied and knows the key symptoms of individual diseases, which are the subject of semester lectures. - The student should acquire the competence to select relevant data from the anamnesis, from data from a third party, from a physical examination, or from available older laboratory and imaging tests, and logically compile and justify their diagnostic conclusions. - Knowledge of physiological values of basic laboratory tests (blood count values including leukocyte differential, values of basic serum minerals, N-catabolites, liver tests, parameters of inflammation, values obtained from blood gas analysis and coagulation tests, cardiomarkers and lipidogram) is an essential prerequisite for the correct interpretation of all findings. - On the basis of participation in lectures, practicals and continuous study, he should acquire the ability to formulate the relevant knowledge he has accumulated about the patient in writing and orally. Therefore, they must know the correct terms of the description of normal physical findings and pathological findings. - The student remembers that the medical documentation is an official document, which, for example, in the case of a lawsuit, also plays the role of documentary evidence, with all the consequences. - We assume that a student who has reached the 4th year of medicine builds on not only the knowledge, skills and competences acquired in the subject Propedeutics and INTERNAL MEDICINE I, but also the knowledge gained in previous years while studying theoretical fields and pre-clinical disciplines. For example, when studying nephrology, we assume that the student knows the anatomy of the kidney and urinary tract, knows the structure and function of the individual sections of the nephron. We assume that the student knows about the existence of the hormone renin and knows which other factors influence the blood flow to the kidneys, which of the hormones is responsible for sodium retention, how is regulated the formation of concentrated urine or, on the contrary, water diuresis is controlled, which hormones are physiologically produced in the kidneys or whether and how the kidneys are involved in maintaining acid-base balance. The same applies to the anatomy, histology and physiology of individual parts of the digestive tract, liver, bile duct and pancreas. If the student has forgotten this knowledge, it is necessary for him to study it again independently, simultaneously with the study of the clinical subject.
Poslední úprava: Psutková Veronika, Ing. (20.02.2026)
