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Teaching in the 4th year continues in the form of lectures and 2 blocks (seminars) on pharmacology I.
In special pharmacology, in addition to the basic characteristics of individual drug groups, emphasis is placed on the treatment of individual nosological units and the rational use of drugs in compliance with generally valid legal and professional regulations (e.g. recommended treatment procedures of professional societies). An integral part of the teaching of pharmacology is the knowledge and skill of prescribing drugs, both mass-produced medicinal products and individually prepared ones.
Poslední úprava: Hořovská Jana, Mgr. (27.08.2024)
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The main objective of the study of pharmacology is to acquire knowledge that would help to increase the efficacy, safety and rationality of drug use in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is the application of this knowledge in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Poslední úprava: Hořovská Jana, Mgr. (27.08.2024)
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Lectures: are recommended, outline of presentations are available in Moodle. Seminars are in 2 blocks: one absence for serious reasons is possible within each block (see Dean's Action 4/2022). The schedule of lectures and seminars is in MOODLE and on the bulletin board in front of room C 209 in Plzeňská campus).
Conditions for granting credit: Credit will be awarded on the basis of attendance, active participation during individual days, final test in each block + students' own presentation on the chosen topic in the 1st or 2nd block. The final test in each block will be on Friday (event on Thursday if Friday is a holiday). It will contain questions from the topics discussed in the seminars and from topics for self-study, the limit for completing the test: 70%. Otherwise, the student writes a correction test in the time outside the block and after teaching all the student groups of the given block.
Conditions for exam: In addition to two credits, i.e. from summer semester and from blocks, a "big" pre-examination test in Moodle must be completed. The minimum pass rate for each test is 80%. Tests can be repeated until the desired success is achieved. All tests must be completed by the exam date, which means that it is not possible to pass the exam without writing credit tests! The pre-exam test are in their own module in Moodle, separate from the lectures/classes.
Exam: The oral exam in pharmacology can only be taken after meeting the conditions for obtaining credit. The exam consists of a verification of knowledge of prescription and 3 theoretical questions. It includes questions from general and special pharmacology and pharmacotherapy of important clinical conditions.
Exam period: starts after the second block has concluded and at least 80% of lectures have taken place. Poslední úprava: Strojil Jan, MUDr., Ph.D. (07.08.2025)
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Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 7th ed,, 2019, authors: Whalen Karen, Carinda Feild; Rajan Radhakrishnan; Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 2019. (A), (available as e-book) ++ Rang & Dale´s Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone, 9th ed., 2019 (A) or Rang & Dale´s Pharmacology, Elsevier, 10th ed., 2024, (A), (both available as e-books) ++ Katzung, B. G.: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology: Mcgraw Hill Education & Medic, 15th ed. 2020 (A) (available as e-book) ++ Lüllmann, H., Klaus M., Lutz. H: Color Atlas of Pharmacology; Thieme, 5th ed., 2017 (available as e-book) ++ Neal, M. J.: Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, 9th Edition, Wiley- Blackwell , 2020 (A), (available as e-book) Dale's Pharmacology Condensed: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access, Elsevier, 2021
A…outside the library B…only to the study room D…will be published during the school year E…personally at the clinic + obligatory ++ recommended
Lectures: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=6110
Pharmacology quizes: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=5669 Poslední úprava: Hořovská Jana, Mgr. (27.08.2024)
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Exam Questions for Pharmacology – Valid for 2025/26
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1. Drug, medicinal product, batch, herbal drugs, drug life cycle, drug dispensing in pharmacies. 2. Pharmacopoeia, therapy, drug nomenclature, independent sources of drug information, ATC classification. 3. Original and generic drugs, prescription-only and over-the-counter drugs, bioequivalence, synthetic and biological medicines, food supplements. 4. Drug development: preclinical and clinical evaluation. 5. Pharmacovigilance: significance, basic principles, adverse drug reactions, ADR reporting. 6. Drug registration, marketing and promotion, ethical aspects of prescribing, conflict of interest. 7. Drug information sources: package leaflet, summary of product characteristics, drug pricing regulation, reimbursement from public health insurance. 8. Regulatory authorities and basic legal framework for handling medicines. 9. Controlled substances: rules for prescribing narcotic and psychotropic drugs. 10. Mass-produced medicinal products: principles of prescription. 11. Magistral preparations (extemporaneous preparations): principles of prescription. 12. General principles affecting pharmacokinetics: solubility, ionization, pH, biological barriers. 13. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic parameters, zero and first order kinetics. 14. Drug absorption: influencing factors, interactions, bioavailability, routes of administration. 15. Drug distribution: volume of distribution, loading dose, plasma protein binding, distribution interactions. 16. Drug metabolism: phase I and II biotransformation, prodrugs. 17. Metabolic drug interactions: enzyme inducers and inhibitors. 18. Renal drug excretion: mechanisms, interactions. 19. Drug elimination: elimination constant, half-life, steady state, clinical relevance. 20. Pharmacogenetics. 21. Drug formulations: classification by route and physical form, key characteristics and differences. 22. Clinical considerations in formulation choice: benefits, limitations, common errors. 23. Therapeutic drug monitoring. 24. Compartmental pharmacokinetic models: one- and multi-compartment systems, time course of drug concentrations. 25. Mechanisms of drug action at the molecular level: targets, specific and nonspecific mechanisms. 26. Receptor classification and subtypes, major types of membrane receptors, G-proteins. 27. Quantitative aspects of drug-receptor interaction: affinity, intrinsic activity, agonism, antagonism. 28. Receptor desensitization and hypersensitization, tachyphylaxis, tolerance, induction, inhibition, accumulation, drug dependence. 29. Dose-response relationship: types of doses, dose-effect, plasma level-effect, therapeutic range, interindividual variability. 30. Drug interactions: types and examples. 31. Pharmacotherapy in the elderly and end-of-life care. 32. Pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents. 33. Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy and breastfeeding: key medications for common conditions. 34. Drug intoxications: general principles of management, key antidotes. 35. Rational pharmacotherapy: adherence, polypharmacy, deprescribing, benefit:risk ratio, shared decision-making. 36. Adverse drug reactions: classification, diagnosis, reporting. 37. Impaired elimination organs and dosage adjustment. 38. Alternative medicine and its risks (e.g. traditional Eastern medicine, homeopathy, herbal medicine).
SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY 1. Antiulcer drugs: antacids, gastroprotectives, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors. 2. Laxatives: contact, stool softeners, osmotic, bulk-forming. 3. Prokinetics and motility stimulants: 5-HT4 agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, D2 antagonists, opioid antagonists. 4. Antiemetics: 5-HT3, NK1, H1 antagonists, antipsychotics with antiemetic action, corticosteroids. 5. Antidiarrheals: enkephalinase inhibitors, opioid antidiarrheals, astringents, adsorbents. 6. Antiobesity drugs: GLP/GIP agonists, absorption inhibitors, centrally acting agents. 7. Insulins and analogues, secretagogues (sulfonylureas, meglitinides, incretin mimetics). 8. Insulin sensitizers (biguanides, thiazolidinediones), glucosidase inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors. 9. Pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon, amylin), pancreatic enzymes. 10. Spasmolytics, choleretics, hepatoprotectives. 11. Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease: aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologicals. 12. Fibrinolytics, antifibrinolytics, hemostatics. 13. Antiplatelets: COX inhibitors, ADP receptor inhibitors, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, PDE inhibitors. 14. Oral anticoagulants: vitamin K antagonists, DOACs. 15. Parenteral anticoagulants: heparins and related drugs. 16. Positive inotropic agents. 17. Nitrates and NO donors. 18. Beta-blockers. 19. Calcium channel blockers. 20. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, neprilysin inhibitors. 21. Diuretics. 22. Vasodilators: imidazoline receptor agonists, α2 agonists, α1 antagonists, prostaglandins, PDE inhibitors. 23. Antiarrhythmics. 24. Lipid-lowering agents. 25. Drugs for dementia, nootropics, psychostimulants for ADHD and narcolepsy. 26. Non-opioid analgesics: COX inhibitors. 27. Opioid analgesics. 28. Drugs for treatment and prophylaxis of migraine. 29. Drugs affecting uric acid metabolism. 30. Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, drugs for cystic fibrosis. 31. Antipsychotics. 32. Antidepressants. 33. Anxiolytics and hypnotics. 34. Thyroid and antithyroid drugs. 35. Hormonal contraception, hormone replacement therapy. 36. Cytostatics: main mechanisms of action, examples. 37. General and local anesthetics. 38. Antihistamines. 39. Immunosuppressants. 40. Penicillins. 41. Cephalosporins. 42. Carbapenems and monobactams. 43. Glycopeptides. 44. Fluoroquinolones. 45. Macrolides, azalides, lincosamides, oxazolidinones. 46. Aminoglycosides. 47. Antitubercular drugs. 48. Tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, amphenicols. 49. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim and combinations. 50. Antivirals. 51. Antifungals. 52. Antiparasitics. 53. Drugs affecting bone metabolism. 54. Antiparkinson drugs. 55. Central and peripheral muscle relaxants. 56. Antiasthmatics: bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs. 57. Antiepileptics. 58. Drugs used in multiple sclerosis. 59. Drugs used in obstetrics: tocolytics, uterotonics, uterokinetics. 60. Drugs for urinary tract disorders: cholinergics, anticholinergics, sympathomimetics, α1 antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors. 61. Biologicals: definition, main mechanisms, biosimilars. 62. Sympathomimetics. 63. Sympatholytics. 64. Parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics. 65. Active and passive immunization, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. 66. Drugs affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. 67. Glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. 68. Mineralocorticoids, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. 69. Cytokine-modulating agents. 70. Targeted cancer therapy: monoclonal antibodies, kinase inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T. 71. Oligonucleotides: mechanisms of action, examples. 72. Drugs for treatment of alcohol, nicotine and opioid dependence: substitution, antagonism, craving, supportive pharmacotherapy.
CLINICAL PHARMACOTHERAPY 1. Pharmacotherapy of upper GI dyspepsia. 2. Pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori eradication. 3. Pharmacotherapy of constipation. 4. Pharmacotherapy of nausea and vomiting. 5. Pharmacotherapy of diarrheal diseases. 6. Pharmacotherapy of meteorism, biliary tract and liver diseases. 7. Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids. 8. Pharmacotherapy of acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. 9. Pharmacotherapy of acute heart failure. 10. Pharmacotherapy of chronic heart failure. 11. Drugs in secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. 12. Pharmacotherapy of peripheral arterial disease. 13. Pharmacotherapy of dyslipidemias. 14. Pharmacotherapy of arrhythmias. 15. Pharmacotherapy of anemias. 16. Pharmacotherapy of stroke. 17. Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. 18. Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis. 19. Pharmacotherapy of asthma and COPD. 20. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes. 21. Pharmacotherapy of hypertension. 22. Pharmacotherapy of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. 23. Pharmacotherapy of acute and chronic pain. 24. Pharmacotherapy of neuropathic pain. 25. Principles of rational antimicrobial therapy. 26. Pharmacotherapy of bronchopneumonia. 27. Pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infections. 28. Pharmacotherapy of fever. 29. Pharmacotherapy of cough. 30. Pharmacotherapy of sore throat. 31. Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma. 32. Pharmacotherapy of depression. 33. Pharmacotherapy of allergic conditions. 34. Pharmacotherapy of gout. 35. Infusion therapy, correction of electrolyte and acid-base disturbances. 36. Basics of cancer therapy, cytostatic handling safety. 37. Travel first aid kits: practical, ethical and legal aspects for laypeople and physicians. 38. Principles and uses of gene therapy. Poslední úprava: Strojil Jan, MUDr., Ph.D. (07.08.2025)
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The Syllabus Pharmacology 2nd Medical Faculty
Lectures and Seminars Introduction to Pharmacology Basic terminology, types of treatment, development of new drugs, medicines act General Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics Absorption, distribution, elimination and biotransformation of drugs Receptor theory, mechanism of drug actions Mechanism of regulation, receptors, mediatros, agonists, antagonists Interactions of drugs Mutual effects of drugs, toxicity Development of new drugs Development of new drug, preclinical and clinical assessment, registration Special Pharmacology
Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system Physiology, receptors, mediators, agonists, antagonists, mechanism of action Parasympathetic nervous system - parasympathomimetics, parasympatolytics Sympathetic nervous system - agonists, antagonists, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics Cardiovascular system Antiarhytmic drugs Cardiac Arrhytmias, drugs affecting heart output, heartrate, classification Therapy of heart failure Heart failure, digitalis, positive inotropic effect, cardiac hypertrophy Beta blockers Beta receptors, classification, Clinic use and strategies Drugs used in blood coagulation disorders Diuretics Mechanism of action, classification Respiratory system Drugs for Asthma treatment, mucolytics, cough preparations Antihistmines Histamin, pathofysiology, effects, H1 and H2 agonists, clinical use 1st and 2nd generation Drugs used in GIT Drugs and the liver, therapy of peptic ulcers, spasmolytic agents, motility stimulating agents, laxatives, therapy of diarhoe Hypolipidemic drugs Types of pareticles, types of disorders, statins, fibrates, nicotin acid Drugs used in rheumatic disease and OA NSAIDs, SYSADOA, DMOA Analgetics - antipyretics Effects, mechanism of action, dosage, main groups Analgetics - opioids Morfin and its derivates, analgetic receptors, mechanism of action, clinical use, combinations of analgetics General anaesthetics Neuromuscular blocking agents, classification, mode of action Antibiotics Classification and indications, mechanism of action Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Tetracyclins, Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Combination Antiviral Drugs Classificaton, specific use, AIDS, toxicity Antidiabetic drugs Classification, mechanism of action, oral antidiabetic drugs, insulins Central nervous system Pharmacology Mediators of CNS, classification, hypnotics and anxiolytics, drugs used in psychoses, antidepressant drugs, neuroprotective drugs Korikosteroids Pathophysiology, effects, indications, risks Drug policy Rationa, pharmacotherapy, drug reimbursement, drug utilization Seminars
General pharmacology Prescrtiption of Drugs Introduction to rational drug prescribing Patient-drug concept Prerequisites for earning credits in pharmacology, MA degree program The Institute provides education/training of Czech and English-speaking students. Education in Grade IV - pharmacology for Czech and English-speaking students. Prerequisites for earning credits in pharmacology, MA degree program Poslední úprava: Hořovská Jana, Mgr. (27.08.2024)
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