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In the third year of the summer semester, teaching is in the form of lectures. Teaching is focused on acquiring essential knowledge in general pharmacology. The basic mechanisms of drug action (pharmacodynamics) and the principles of movement and fate of drugs in the human body (pharmacokinetics) will be explained. The general principles of the action of substances in the organism are followed by lectures on the effect of substances on the autonomic nervous system. In this phase, special pharmacology begins and clinically important topics have been selected, i.e. hypertension treatment, antiplatelet treatment, DM I and II treatment, the importance of glucocorticoids in treatment and antibiotics. As part of the explanation, the possible emergence of unwanted or toxic effects of substances and the emergence of drug interactions in the body will also be pointed out. All the knowledge acquired in pharmacology I is necessary for follow-up teaching in the 4th year. (Pharmacology II). Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (27.09.2022)
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The main objective of the study of pharmacology is to acquire knowledge that would help to increase the efficacy, safety and rationality of drug use in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is the application of this knowledge in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Poslední úprava: Čechová Jana, Mgr. (20.09.2021)
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Lectures: are recommended, ppt. lecture presentations and useful questions resulting from the lectures are available at MOODLE.
Conditions for granting credit:
Continual study of Pharmacology I is checked by indicative tests in MOODLE. During summer semester, students go through three tests. The first test covers knowledge of general pharmacology. The second test refers to drugs of autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system. The third test relates to antimicrobial drugs. Tests will be gradually open after finishing appropriate lectures. The minimum success rate of each indicative test is 80%. The tests can be repeated until the required success is achieved.
Granted credit of Pharmacology I is needed for enrolling of Pharmacology II.
Exam: it is possible to register for the oral exam in pharmacology only after fulfilling the conditions for obtaining the credits of Pharmacology I. and II. The exam consists of verification of knowledge of prescription (specialties and magistraliter of preparations) and 3 theoretical questions. It includes questions from general and special pharmacology and from pharmacotherapy of important clinical conditions. During the exam are not allowed to use the drug information sources or any electronic devices (including mobile phones).
Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (27.09.2022)
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+ Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 7th ed,, 2019, authors: Whalen Karen, Carinda Feild; Rajan Radhakrishnan; Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 2019. (A), (available as e-book)
++ Rang, H. P.: Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone, 9th ed, 2019 (A), (available as e-book) ++ Katzung, B. G.: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology: Mcgraw Hill Education & Medic, 15th ed. 2020 (A?) (available as e-book) ++ Neal, M. J.: Medical Pharmacology at a glance: Blackwell Science, 2012 (B), (available as e-book) ++ Dale, N. N.: Pharmacology condensed : Churchill Livingstone, 2009 (B) ++ Lüllmann, H., Klaus M., Lutz. H: Color atlas of pharmacology (available as e-book)
A…outside the library B…only to the study room D…will be published during the school year E…personally at the clinic
+ obligatory ++ recommended
Lectures: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=6110
Pharmacology quizes: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=5669 Poslední úprava: Čechová Jana, Mgr. (20.09.2021)
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TEST QUESTIONS IN GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY . 1. Pharmaceutical, medicinal product, batch, (illegal) drugs, life cycle of drugs, dispensing of drugs in a pharmacy. 2. Pharmacopoeia, treatment/therapy, compliance, names of drugs, independent sources of information about drugs. 3. Names of pharmaceuticals/drugs, generic drugs, brand (name) drugs, prescription-only drugs/over-the-country drugs, drug bioequivalence. 4. Development of drugs and clinical trials, clinical trial phases 5. Drug toxicity, toxicity test, drug dose, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of drugs. 6. Pharmacovigilance: importance, basic principles, undesirable effects of drugs, drug side effect reporting. 7. Marketing authorization of a drug, original and copy (proprietary and non-proprietary), synthetic and biological drugs, drug-related legislation and Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification of drugs, drug promotion and marketing. 8. Proprietary medicinal products, individually prepared medicinal product, patient information leaflet, SPC. 9. Information provided about drugs, medical product price regulation, drug reimbursement from public health insurance system. 10. Drug regulatory agencies, basic legislative standards for handling of drugs. 11. Addictive substances, principles of prescribing intoxication and psychotropic substances. 12. Medical prescription, technique of prescribing proprietary medicinal products. 13. Principles and technique of prescribing individually prepared medicinal products, (magistral preparations). 14. General principles governing drug pharmacokinetics: drug movement within the body, microcirculation, filtration, biological barriers. 15. Factors affecting drug passage across biological membranes, water or fat drug solubility, ionization status and pH of the environment. 16. Transport of the molecule of a pharmaceutical across the cell membrane, division of transport processes by energy requirements, passive transport, active transport, facilitated diffusion, membrane transport proteins (transporters), channel proteins. 17. Effect of physical-chemical properties of pharmaceuticals on protein binding and their distribution within the body. Binding affinity. 18. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetic parameters. 19. Pharmacokinetic processes, zero and first order kinetics. 20. Drug absorption, factors affecting absorption, interactions at the level of absorption, bioavailability, drug concentration, amount of drug in the body. 21. Binding of pharmaceuticals to (body) proteins, drug distribution, volume of distribution, their importance for clinical practice, selective accumulation of drugs. 22. Distribution of drugs in the body (volume of distribution, its importance for drug dosing), loading dose, loading dose calculation. 23. Drug metabolism, Phase I and II biotransformation reactions. 24. Phase I biotransformation reactions, types. 25. The cytochrome CYP system and cytochrome P-450. 26. Phase II biotransformation reactions, types. 27. Biotransformation reactions of drugs and their importance for elimination of pharmaceuticals from the body (types of biotransformation reactions, enzyme induction and inhibition). 28. Pro-drugs, their clinical relevance, examples, factors affecting drug metabolism. 29. Drug elimination. 30. Pharmacogenetics and its use in clinical practice (importance, use in practice, examples). 31. Drug elimination (clearance), renal, hepatobiliary elimination, organs of elimination. 32. Rate of drug elimination from the body, renal and hepatic clearance (elimination constant, elimination half-life). 33. Biological half-life, steady state, their relevance for clinical practice. 34. Routes of drug administration (relationship between technique of administration and rate of onset plus duration of effect of the drug, relationship to substance pharmacokinetics); dosage forms. 35. Importance of pharmacokinetics for optimizing drug dosing (relationship between dose, plasma concentration and drug action). Therapeutic drug monitoring (examples). 36. Pharmacokinetic compartment models, one-compartment, multi-compartment system, temporal course of drug levels in the body. 37. Pharmacokinetics; basic parameters and formulas for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters, importance of individual parameters. 38. Mode of action of drugs at the molecular level; target structures for drug action, drugs with receptor.-independent action (examples). 39. Classification of receptors and their subtypes, main types of membrane receptors, G protein. 40. Basic quantitative aspects of pharmacon-receptor interaction (affinity, intrinsic activity, relevance for drug dosing and effect). 41. Intrinsic activity and affinity of xenobiotics, competitive and non-competitive antagonism and partial agonism (depict graphically the course of characterization curves). 42. Receptor desenzitization and hypersensitization (mechanisms, examples). Receptor disease. 43. Major sites of drug action (receptor, ion channels, enzymes, and other). 44. Dose-dependence (types of doses, dose-effect relationship, plasma level-effect relationship, therapeutic range). 45. Width of the therapeutic window, therapeutic index; individual variability in patients´ drug sensitivity/tolerance (causes). 46. Changes in the effect of drug on multiple administration (tachyphylaxis, tolerance, induction, inhibition, accumulation, drug dependence). 47. Drug-drug interaction (types of interaction and examples thereof). 48. Therapeutic drug monitoring (importance, use in practice, examples). 49. Specific features of pharmacotherapy in older persons. Changes in pharmacodynamics effects and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs (examples). 50. Pharmacotherapy and drug dosing in children. 51. Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Main classes of drugs that can be used to treat hypertension, thrombotic states, diabetes, bronchial asthma, and infectious diseases in pregnancy. 52. Pharmacotherapy in old age. 53. Principles of drug administration in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. 54. Drug intoxication; principles of its management, management of the patient, antidotes. 55. Rational pharmacotherapy, pharmacotherapy-associated risks and polypharmacy. 56. Side and undesirable effects of drugs, classification (dose dependence – specific examples). 57. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). 58. Dysfunction of organs of elimination and drug dosing adjustment. 59. Alternative medicine. 60. Pharmacoeconomics. . TEST QUESTIONS IN SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY . 1. Antiulcer agents, antacids, gastroprotective agents, H2 blockers (H2 receptor antagonists), proton pump inhibitors 2. Laxatives: contact laxatives, stool softeners, osmotic laxatives, osmotic saline laxatives. 3. Drugs increasing GI motility (promotility drugs), prokinetic drugs: serotonin receptor (5-HT4) agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, agents with side prokinetic effects. 4. Antiemetics, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists, histamine H1 receptor antagonists, neuroleptics (antipsychotic medications) with antiemetic action, glucocorticoids as antiemetics. 5. Rehydration solution in diarrheal diseases and principles of trace elements and ion supplementation in diarrheal diseases 6. Intestinal adsorbents and antidiarrheal agents: enkephalinase inhibitors, opioid antidiarrheal agents, intestinal astringents 7. Chemotherapeutics and antibiotics used in the treatment of bowel infections. 8. Eubiotics: probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics 9. Antiflatulents 10. Pancreatic enzymes 11. Spasmolytics 12. Choleretics 13. Hepatoprotective agents 14. Aminosalicylates used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 15. Glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 16. Immunosuppressants used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 17. Biologics used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 18. Antiobesity drugs 19. Antihemorrhoid drugs 20. Antiplatelet agents/drugs: irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors 21. Anticoagulants: vitamin K antagonists, gatrans, xabans 22. Anticoagulants: indirect thrombin inhibitors, low-molecular-weight heparins, indirect selective factor Xa inhibitors 23. Thrombolytic drugs, fibrinolytic drugs, antithrombotic drugs 24. Positive inotropes 25. Nitrates and nitric oxide (NO) donors 26. Beta-blockers 27. Calcium-channel blockers 28. ACE inhibitors 29. Angiotensin receptor blockers 30. Modulators of cardiac metabolism, renin inhibitors, inhibitors of natriuretic peptide degradation 31. Diuretics 32. Vasodilators, α1-adrenergic receptor blockers, imidazoline receptor agonists, presynaptic α2 adrenergic receptor agonists, centrally and peripherally acting vasodilators 33. Vasodilators: phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors, vasodilatory prostaglandins, serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, xanthine peripheral vasodilators, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors 34. Vasodilators used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: soluble guanylate cyclase activators, endothelin receptor antagonists, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogs, prostacyclin receptor agonists 35. Antiarrhythmic agents – division 36. Class I antiarrhythmic agents 37. Class II antiarrhythmic agents 38. Class III and IV antiarrhythmic agents 39. Lipid-lowering drugs 40. Antivaricose drugs, vasodilators, nootropics, cognitive drugs 41. Analgesics – antipyretics 42. Analgesics – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX-2 inhibitors 43. Analgesics - opiates 44. Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives 45. Antipsychotics 46. Antidepressants 47. Anxiolytics and hypnotics 48. Thyroid and antithyroid drugs 49. Insulins 50. Oral antidiabetics 51. Secretagogues, peripheral insulin sensitizers, α-glucosidase inhibitors 52. Hormonal contraception 53. Cytotoxic agents 54. General anesthetics, inhalation and topical anesthetics 55. Antihistamines and glucocorticoids 56. Immune system modulators, immunosuppressants, immunomodulators 57. Division of antibiotics 58. Antibiotic therapy-associated risks – undesirable (side) effects and issues related to resistance 59. Penicillin antibiotics 60. Cephalosporins 61. Carbapenems and aztreonam 62. Glycopeptide antibiotics 63. Fluoroquinolones 64. Macrolides 65. Azalides, ketolides, linezolid and other protein synthesis inhibitors 66. Aminoglycoside antibiotics 67. Antituberculous drugs/anti-TB drugs 68. Tetracyclines, tigecycline, chloramphenicol 69. Sulphoamides, cotrimoxazole 70. Antiviral drugs 71. Antifungals and alternative therapy 72. Antiparasitic drugs, antimalarials (lice, pinworm, roundworm, tapeworm), antiseptic agents and disinfectants 73. Drugs used in the treatment of bone metabolism disorders 74. Antiparkinson agents 75. Antianemic drugs 76. Infusion solutions, parenteral nutrition, transfusion preparations – division, risks 77. Centrally- and peripherally-acting muscle relaxants 78. Antiasthmatic drugs (selective 2-sympathomimetics, Parasympatholytic agents – anticholinergics, glucocorticoids). 79. Theophylline and other xanthines, preventive asthma (controller) medicines (anti-inflammatory agents, immunoprophylactic agents, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers), mucolytics, expectorants, antitussives 80. Antiepileptic drugs 81. Drugs used in obstetrics (prostaglandins, ergot alkaloids, tocolytics) 82. Drugs used in the treatment of urinary tract infection (cholinergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, sympatholytic drugs, 5α-reductase inhibitors, α1-blockers) 83. Female and male sex hormones 84. Minerals and trace elements 85. Vitamins 86. Biologic drugs (biologics) 87. Sympatholytic drugs, sympathomimetic drugs 88. Parasympatholytic drugs, parasympathomimetic drugs 89. Peripheral nervous system drugs 90. Active and passive immunization, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines 91. Ethanol 92. Hormonal contraception 93. Corticosteroids 94. Pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon, amylin) 95. Drugs affecting pituitary function 96. Hypothalamic hormones 97. Adenohypophyseal hormones 98. Posterior pituitary hormones 99. Hormones of the adrenal cortex 100. Glucocorticoids 101. Mineralocorticoids 102. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and mineralocorticoid antagonists 103. Hormones regulating the female reproductive system 104. Drugs used in hormone replacement therapy during menopause 105. Male sex hormones, anabolic steroids . TEST QUESTIONS IN PHARMACOTHERAPY OF CLINICAL ENTITIES . 1. Pharmacotherapy of dyspepsia 2. Pharmacotherapy of gastroduodenal ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori eradication 3. Principles of pharmacotherapy of constipation 4. Pharmacotherapy of nausea and vomiting 5. Pharmacotherapy diarrheal diseases 6. Pharmacotherapy of meteorism, gallbladder and bile duct diseases 7. Pharmacotherapy of liver diseases 8. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease 9. Pharmacotherapy of obesity 10. Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids 11. Pharmacotherapy of acute myocardial infarction 12. Pharmacotherapy of chronic heart failure 13. Pharmacotherapy of acute heart failure 14. Pharmacotherapy of stroke 15. Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy 16. Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis 17. Pharmacotherapy of thyroid diseases 18. Pharmacotherapy of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease 19. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes 20. Pharmacotherapy of hypertension 21. Pharmacotherapy of vein thrombosis 22. Pharmacotherapy of pulmonary embolism 23. Pharmacotherapy of pain 24. Pharmacotherapy cardiac rhythm disorders 25. Pharmacotherapy of bronchopneumonia 26. Pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infections 27. Pharmacotherapy of peripheral arterial disease 28. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory tract infections 29. Pharmacotherapy of anemias 30. Pharmacotherapy of Lyme disease 31. Pharmacotherapy of dyslipoproteinemias 32. Pharmacotherapy of depression 33. Pharmacotherapy of allergic states 34. Pharmacotherapy of temperature 35. Pharmacotherapy of cough 36. Pharmacotherapy of migraine 37. Pharmacotherapy of diarrhea 38. Pharmacotherapy of gout 39. Basics of ATB therapy 40. Basics of treatment in oncology . Recipes . 1. Prescribe antibiotic for paediatric patient 6 years to treat pneumonia. What are the potential side effect? 2. Prescribe antipyretic treatment for paediatric patient 4 years to treat high fever. What type of drug presentation can we suggest in case of vomitting? 3. Prescribe strong analgesic treatment for oncology patient suffering from metastasis. 4. Prescribe diuretics for adult patient as part of hypertension treatment. What are the possible side effects? What type of other drugs would you suggest? 5. Prescribe treatment of tachycardia for 2 month. What are the possible side effects? 6. Prescribe an oral treatment of diabetes DMII for 1 month. What are the possible side effects? 7. Prescribe antihistamin treatment of for an alergic patient for 2 month. What are the possible side effects? 8. Prescribe hypnotics for elderly patient. What are the possible side effects? 9. Prescribe antiagregation treatment to prevent thrombosis. What are the possible side effects? 10. Prescribe analgesic treatment (antiplatelet) for a patient suffereing from osteoarthritis of left knee. What are the possible side effects?
Poslední úprava: Čechová Jana, Mgr. (20.09.2021)
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The syllabus Pharmacology 2nd Medical Faculty
Lectures and Seminars Introduction to Pharmacology Basic terminology, types of treatment, development of new drugs, medicines act General pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Absorption, distribution, elimination and biotransformation of drugs
Receptor theory, mechanism of drug actions Mechanism of regulation, receptors, mediatros, agonists, antagonists
Interactions of drugs Mutual effects of drugs, toxicity
Development of new drugs Development of new drug, preclinical and clinical assessment, registration
Special pharmacology Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system Physiology, receptors, mediators, agonists, antagonists, mechanism of action Parasympathetic nervous system - parasympathomimetics, parasympatolytics Sympathetic nervous system - agonists, antagonists, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics
Cardiovascular system Antiarhytmic drugs Cardiac Arrhytmias, drugs affecting heart output, heartrate, classification
Therapy of heart failure Heart failure, digitalis, positive inotropic effect, cardiac hypertrophy
Beta blockers Beta receptors, classification, Clinic use and strategies
Drugs used in blood coagulation disorders Diuretics Mechanism of action, classification
Respiratory system Drugs for Asthma treatment, mucolytics, cough preparations
Antihistmines Histamin, pathofysiology, effects, H1 and H2 agonists, clinical use 1st and 2nd generation
Drugs used in GIT Drugs and the liver, therapy of peptic ulcers, spasmolytic agents, motility stimulating agents, laxatives, therapy of diarhoe
Hypolipidemic drugs Types of pareticles, types of disorders, statins, fibrates, nicotin acid
Drugs used in rheumatic disease and OA NSAIDs, SYSADOA, DMOA
Analgetics - antipyretics Effects, mechanism of action, dosage, main groups
Analgetics - opioids Morfin and its derivates, analgetic receptors, mechanism of action, clinical use, combinations of analgetics
General anaesthetics Neuromuscular blocking agents, classification, mode of action
Antibiotics Classification and indications, mechanism of action Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Tetracyclins, Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Combination
Antiviral Drugs Classificaton, specific use, AIDS, toxicity
Antidiabetic drugs Classification, mechanism of action, oral antidiabetic drugs, insulins
Central nervous system Pharmacology Mediators of CNS, classification, hypnotics and anxiolytics, drugs used in psychoses, antidepressant drugs, neuroprotective drugs
Korikosteroids Pathophysiology, effects, indications, risks
Drug policy Rationa, pharmacotherapy, drug reimbursement, drug utilization Seminars General pharmacology Prescrtiption of Drugs Introduction to rational drug prescribing Patient-drug concept
Prerequisites for earning credits in pharmacology, MA degree program
The Institute provides education/training of Czech and English-speaking students.
Education in Grade IV - pharmacology for Czech and English-speaking students.
Prerequisites for earning credits in pharmacology, MA degree program
Poslední úprava: Čechová Jana, Mgr. (20.09.2021)
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