PředmětyPředměty(verze: 964)
Předmět, akademický rok 2024/2025
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Pharmacology - DA0107362
Anglický název: Pharmacology
Zajišťuje: Ústav farmakologie (13-311)
Fakulta: 2. lékařská fakulta
Platnost: od 2020
Semestr: zimní
Body: 4
E-Kredity: 4
Způsob provedení zkoušky: zimní s.:
Rozsah, examinace: zimní s.:60/60, Z+Zk [HT]
Rozsah za akademický rok: 1 [týdny]
Počet míst: neurčen / neurčen (neurčen)
Minimální obsazenost: neomezen
4EU+: ne
Virtuální mobilita / počet míst pro virtuální mobilitu: ne
Kompetence:  
Stav předmětu: vyučován
Jazyk výuky: angličtina
Způsob výuky: prezenční
Úroveň:  
Vysvětlení: 1 týden semináře = 30 hodin, 60 hodin přednáška, 30 hodin praktické cvičení
Garant: doc. RNDr. Eva Kmoníčková, CSc.
Kategorizace předmětu: Farmacie > Předměty širšího základu
Soubory Komentář Kdo přidal
stáhnout Schedule.xlsx Rozvrh 2018/2019 - 5.3.2019 Mgr. Jana Čechová
Anotace - angličtina
The study program will focus on general pharmacology, in particular on getting a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of action of pharmaceuticals and study of their fate within the body, development of side effects and drug-to-drug interactions and toxic effects of medicinal products within the body in general. Furthermore, the curriculum encompasses prescription of magistral formulas and drugs manufactured on a mass scale. In special pharmacology, emphasis is placed, in addition to basic characteristics of individual drug classes, on treatment of individual nosological entities and rational use of drugs while adhering to generally applicable legal and professional regulations (e.g., guidelines for the management of particular diseases/conditions by the respective professional societies).
Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (16.09.2021)
Cíl předmětu - angličtina

The main objective of the study of pharmacology is to acquire knowledge that would help to increase the efficacy, safety and rationality of drug use in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is the application of this knowledge in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.

Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (16.09.2021)
Podmínky zakončení předmětu - angličtina

Lectures: are recommended, ppt. lecture presentations and useful questions resulting from the lectures are available at MOOODLE.

Conditions for granting credit:

• 100% participation in weekly blocks of practical seminars. Each weekly block of seminars will be followed by a test - lectured material, prescription of specialties and magistraliter of preparations (writing recipes). If distance learning is necessary, both blocks will be available on MOODLE.

• passing all prescribed credit tests - the minimum success rate of each credit test is 80%. The tests can be repeated until the required success is achieved. All tests must be completed by the date of the exam.

• credit will be awarded on the basis of fulfillment of attendance and results of all tests in general and special pharmacology.

Exam: it is possible to register for the oral exam in pharmacology only after fulfilling the conditions for obtaining the credit. The exam consists of verification of knowledge of prescription (specialties and magistraliter of preparations) and 3 theoretical questions. It includes questions from general and special pharmacology and from pharmacotherapy of important clinical conditions. During the exam are not allowed to use the drug information sources or any electronic devices (including mobile phones).

Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (16.09.2021)
Literatura - angličtina

+ Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 7th ed,, 2019, authors: Whalen Karen, Carinda Feild; Rajan Radhakrishnan; Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer 2019. (A), (available as e-book)

++ Rang, H. P.: Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone, 9th ed, 2019 (A), (available as e-book)

++ Katzung, B. G.: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology: Mcgraw Hill Education & Medic, 15th ed. 2020 (A?) (available as e-book)

++ Neal, M. J.: Medical Pharmacology at a glance: Blackwell Science, 2012 (B), (available as e-book)

++ Dale, N. N.: Pharmacology condensed : Churchill Livingstone, 2009 (B)

++ Lüllmann, H., Klaus M., Lutz. H: Color atlas of pharmacology (available as e-book)

A…outside the library

B…only to the study room

D…will be published during the school year

E…personally at the clinic

+ obligatory

++ recommended

Lectures: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=6110

Pharmacology quizes: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=5669

Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (16.09.2021)
Požadavky ke zkoušce - angličtina

TEST QUESTIONS IN GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

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1. Pharmaceutical, medicinal product, batch, (illegal) drugs, life cycle of drugs, dispensing of drugs in a pharmacy.

2. Pharmacopoeia, treatment/therapy, compliance, names of drugs, independent sources of information about drugs.

3. Names of pharmaceuticals/drugs, generic drugs, brand (name) drugs, prescription-only drugs/over-the-country drugs, drug bioequivalence.

4. Development of drugs and clinical trials, clinical trial phases

5. Drug toxicity, toxicity test, drug dose, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of drugs.

6. Pharmacovigilance: importance, basic principles, undesirable effects of drugs, drug side effect reporting.

7. Marketing authorization of a drug, original and copy (proprietary and non-proprietary), synthetic and biological drugs, drug-related legislation and Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification of drugs, drug promotion and marketing.

8. Proprietary medicinal products, individually prepared medicinal product, patient information leaflet, SPC.

9. Information provided about drugs, medical product price regulation, drug reimbursement from public health insurance system.

10. Drug regulatory agencies, basic legislative standards for handling of drugs.

11. Addictive substances, principles of prescribing intoxication and psychotropic substances.

12. Medical prescription, technique of prescribing proprietary medicinal products.

13. Principles and technique of prescribing individually prepared medicinal products, (magistral preparations).

14. General principles governing drug pharmacokinetics: drug movement within the body, microcirculation, filtration, biological barriers.

15. Factors affecting drug passage across biological membranes, water or fat drug solubility, ionization status and pH of the environment.

16. Transport of the molecule of a pharmaceutical across the cell membrane, division of transport processes by energy requirements, passive transport, active transport, facilitated diffusion, membrane transport proteins (transporters), channel proteins.

17. Effect of physical-chemical properties of pharmaceuticals on protein binding and their distribution within the body. Binding affinity.

18. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetic parameters.

19. Pharmacokinetic processes, zero and first order kinetics.

20. Drug absorption, factors affecting absorption, interactions at the level of absorption, bioavailability, drug concentration, amount of drug in the body.

21. Binding of pharmaceuticals to (body) proteins, drug distribution, volume of distribution, their importance for clinical practice, selective accumulation of drugs.

22. Distribution of drugs in the body (volume of distribution, its importance for drug dosing), loading dose, loading dose calculation.

23. Drug metabolism, Phase I and II biotransformation reactions.

24. Phase I biotransformation reactions, types.

25. The cytochrome CYP system and cytochrome P-450.

26. Phase II biotransformation reactions, types.

27. Biotransformation reactions of drugs and their importance for elimination of pharmaceuticals from the body (types of biotransformation reactions, enzyme induction and inhibition).

28. Pro-drugs, their clinical relevance, examples, factors affecting drug metabolism.

29. Drug elimination.

30. Pharmacogenetics and its use in clinical practice (importance, use in practice, examples).

31. Drug elimination (clearance), renal, hepatobiliary elimination, organs of elimination.

32. Rate of drug elimination from the body, renal and hepatic clearance (elimination constant, elimination half-life).

33. Biological half-life, steady state, their relevance for clinical practice.

34. Routes of drug administration (relationship between technique of administration and rate of onset plus duration of effect of the drug, relationship to substance pharmacokinetics); dosage forms.

35. Importance of pharmacokinetics for optimizing drug dosing (relationship between dose, plasma concentration and drug action). Therapeutic drug monitoring (examples).

36. Pharmacokinetic compartment models, one-compartment, multi-compartment system, temporal course of drug levels in the body.

37. Pharmacokinetics; basic parameters and formulas for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters, importance of individual parameters.

38. Mode of action of drugs at the molecular level; target structures for drug action, drugs with receptor.-independent action (examples).

39. Classification of receptors and their subtypes, main types of membrane receptors, G protein.

40. Basic quantitative aspects of pharmacon-receptor interaction (affinity, intrinsic activity, relevance for drug dosing and effect).

41. Intrinsic activity and affinity of xenobiotics, competitive and non-competitive antagonism and partial agonism (depict graphically the course of characterization curves).

42. Receptor desenzitization and hypersensitization (mechanisms, examples). Receptor disease.

43. Major sites of drug action (receptor, ion channels, enzymes, and other).

44. Dose-dependence (types of doses, dose-effect relationship, plasma level-effect relationship, therapeutic range).

45. Width of the therapeutic window, therapeutic index; individual variability in patients´ drug sensitivity/tolerance (causes).

46. Changes in the effect of drug on multiple administration (tachyphylaxis, tolerance, induction, inhibition, accumulation, drug dependence).

47. Drug-drug interaction (types of interaction and examples thereof).

48. Therapeutic drug monitoring (importance, use in practice, examples).

49. Specific features of pharmacotherapy in older persons. Changes in pharmacodynamics effects and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs (examples).

50. Pharmacotherapy and drug dosing in children.

51. Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Main classes of drugs that can be used to treat hypertension, thrombotic states, diabetes, bronchial asthma, and infectious diseases in pregnancy.

52. Pharmacotherapy in old age.

53. Principles of drug administration in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

54. Drug intoxication; principles of its management, management of the patient, antidotes.

55. Rational pharmacotherapy, pharmacotherapy-associated risks and polypharmacy.

56. Side and undesirable effects of drugs, classification (dose dependence – specific examples).

57. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).

58. Dysfunction of organs of elimination and drug dosing adjustment.

59. Alternative medicine.

60. Pharmacoeconomics.

.

TEST QUESTIONS IN SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY

.

1. Antiulcer agents, antacids, gastroprotective agents, H2 blockers (H2 receptor antagonists), proton pump inhibitors

2. Laxatives: contact laxatives, stool softeners, osmotic laxatives, osmotic saline laxatives.

3. Drugs increasing GI motility (promotility drugs), prokinetic drugs: serotonin receptor (5-HT4) agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, agents with side prokinetic effects.

4. Antiemetics, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists, histamine H1 receptor antagonists, neuroleptics (antipsychotic medications) with antiemetic action, glucocorticoids as antiemetics.

5. Rehydration solution in diarrheal diseases and principles of trace elements and ion supplementation in diarrheal diseases

6. Intestinal adsorbents and antidiarrheal agents: enkephalinase inhibitors, opioid antidiarrheal agents, intestinal astringents

7. Chemotherapeutics and antibiotics used in the treatment of bowel infections.

8. Eubiotics: probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics

9. Antiflatulents

10. Pancreatic enzymes

11. Spasmolytics

12. Choleretics

13. Hepatoprotective agents

14. Aminosalicylates used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

15. Glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

16. Immunosuppressants used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

17. Biologics used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

18. Antiobesity drugs

19. Antihemorrhoid drugs

20. Antiplatelet agents/drugs: irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors

21. Anticoagulants: vitamin K antagonists, gatrans, xabans

22. Anticoagulants: indirect thrombin inhibitors, low-molecular-weight heparins, indirect selective factor Xa inhibitors

23. Thrombolytic drugs, fibrinolytic drugs, antithrombotic drugs

24. Positive inotropes

25. Nitrates and nitric oxide (NO) donors

26. Beta-blockers

27. Calcium-channel blockers

28. ACE inhibitors

29. Angiotensin receptor blockers

30. Modulators of cardiac metabolism, renin inhibitors, inhibitors of natriuretic peptide degradation

31. Diuretics

32. Vasodilators, α1-adrenergic receptor blockers, imidazoline receptor agonists, presynaptic α2 adrenergic receptor agonists, centrally and peripherally acting vasodilators

33. Vasodilators: phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors, vasodilatory prostaglandins, serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, xanthine peripheral vasodilators, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

34. Vasodilators used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: soluble guanylate cyclase activators, endothelin receptor antagonists, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogs, prostacyclin receptor agonists

35. Antiarrhythmic agents – division

36. Class I antiarrhythmic agents

37. Class II antiarrhythmic agents

38. Class III and IV antiarrhythmic agents

39. Lipid-lowering drugs

40. Antivaricose drugs, vasodilators, nootropics, cognitive drugs

41. Analgesics – antipyretics

42. Analgesics – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX-2 inhibitors

43. Analgesics - opiates

44. Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives

45. Antipsychotics

46. Antidepressants

47. Anxiolytics and hypnotics

48. Thyroid and antithyroid drugs

49. Insulins

50. Oral antidiabetics

51. Secretagogues, peripheral insulin sensitizers, α-glucosidase inhibitors

52. Hormonal contraception

53. Cytotoxic agents

54. General anesthetics, inhalation and topical anesthetics

55. Antihistamines and glucocorticoids

56. Immune system modulators, immunosuppressants, immunomodulators

57. Division of antibiotics

58. Antibiotic therapy-associated risks – undesirable (side) effects and issues related to resistance

59. Penicillin antibiotics

60. Cephalosporins

61. Carbapenems and aztreonam

62. Glycopeptide antibiotics

63. Fluoroquinolones

64. Macrolides

65. Azalides, ketolides, linezolid and other protein synthesis inhibitors

66. Aminoglycoside antibiotics

67. Antituberculous drugs/anti-TB drugs

68. Tetracyclines, tigecycline, chloramphenicol

69. Sulphoamides, cotrimoxazole

70. Antiviral drugs

71. Antifungals and alternative therapy

72. Antiparasitic drugs, antimalarials (lice, pinworm, roundworm, tapeworm), antiseptic agents and disinfectants

73. Drugs used in the treatment of bone metabolism disorders

74. Antiparkinson agents

75. Antianemic drugs

76. Infusion solutions, parenteral nutrition, transfusion preparations – division, risks

77. Centrally- and peripherally-acting muscle relaxants

78. Antiasthmatic drugs (selective 2-sympathomimetics, Parasympatholytic agents – anticholinergics, glucocorticoids).

79. Theophylline and other xanthines, preventive asthma (controller) medicines (anti-inflammatory agents, immunoprophylactic agents, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers), mucolytics, expectorants, antitussives

80. Antiepileptic drugs

81. Drugs used in obstetrics (prostaglandins, ergot alkaloids, tocolytics)

82. Drugs used in the treatment of urinary tract infection (cholinergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, sympatholytic drugs, 5α-reductase inhibitors, α1-blockers)

83. Female and male sex hormones

84. Minerals and trace elements

85. Vitamins

86. Biologic drugs (biologics)

87. Sympatholytic drugs, sympathomimetic drugs

88. Parasympatholytic drugs, parasympathomimetic drugs

89. Peripheral nervous system drugs

90. Active and passive immunization, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines

91. Ethanol

92. Hormonal contraception

93. Corticosteroids

94. Pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon, amylin)

95. Drugs affecting pituitary function

96. Hypothalamic hormones

97. Adenohypophyseal hormones

98. Posterior pituitary hormones

99. Hormones of the adrenal cortex

100. Glucocorticoids

101. Mineralocorticoids

102. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and mineralocorticoid antagonists

103. Hormones regulating the female reproductive system

104. Drugs used in hormone replacement therapy during menopause

105. Male sex hormones, anabolic steroids

.

TEST QUESTIONS IN PHARMACOTHERAPY OF CLINICAL ENTITIES

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1. Pharmacotherapy of dyspepsia

2. Pharmacotherapy of gastroduodenal ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori eradication

3. Principles of pharmacotherapy of constipation

4. Pharmacotherapy of nausea and vomiting

5. Pharmacotherapy diarrheal diseases

6. Pharmacotherapy of meteorism, gallbladder and bile duct diseases

7. Pharmacotherapy of liver diseases

8. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease

9. Pharmacotherapy of obesity

10. Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids

11. Pharmacotherapy of acute myocardial infarction

12. Pharmacotherapy of chronic heart failure

13. Pharmacotherapy of acute heart failure

14. Pharmacotherapy of stroke

15. Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy

16. Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis

17. Pharmacotherapy of thyroid diseases

18. Pharmacotherapy of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease

19. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes

20. Pharmacotherapy of hypertension

21. Pharmacotherapy of vein thrombosis

22. Pharmacotherapy of pulmonary embolism

23. Pharmacotherapy of pain

24. Pharmacotherapy cardiac rhythm disorders

25. Pharmacotherapy of bronchopneumonia

26. Pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infections

27. Pharmacotherapy of peripheral arterial disease

28. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory tract infections

29. Pharmacotherapy of anemias

30. Pharmacotherapy of Lyme disease

31. Pharmacotherapy of dyslipoproteinemias

32. Pharmacotherapy of depression

33. Pharmacotherapy of allergic states

34. Pharmacotherapy of temperature

35. Pharmacotherapy of cough

36. Pharmacotherapy of migraine

37. Pharmacotherapy of diarrhea

38. Pharmacotherapy of gout

39. Basics of ATB therapy

40. Basics of treatment in oncology

.

Recipes

.

1. Prescribe antibiotic for paediatric patient 6 years to treat pneumonia. What are the potential side effect?

2. Prescribe antipyretic treatment for paediatric patient 4 years to treat high fever. What type of drug presentation can we suggest in case of vomitting?

3. Prescribe strong analgesic treatment for oncology patient suffering from metastasis.

4. Prescribe diuretics for adult patient as part of hypertension treatment. What are the possible side effects? What type of other drugs would you suggest?

5. Prescribe treatment of tachycardia for 2 month. What are the possible side effects?

6. Prescribe an oral treatment of diabetes DMII for 1 month. What are the possible side effects?

7. Prescribe antihistamin treatment of for an alergic patient for 2 month. What are the possible side effects?

8. Prescribe hypnotics for elderly patient. What are the possible side effects?

9. Prescribe antiagregation treatment to prevent thrombosis. What are the possible side effects?

10. Prescribe analgesic treatment (antiplatelet) for a patient suffereing from osteoarthritis of left knee. What are the possible side effects?

Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (16.09.2021)
Sylabus - angličtina
The syllabus Pharmacology 2nd Medical Faculty

Lectures and Seminars

Introduction to Pharmacology

Basic terminology, types of treatment, development of new drugs, medicines act

General pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption, distribution, elimination and biotransformation of drugs

Receptor theory, mechanism of drug actions

Mechanism of regulation, receptors, mediatros, agonists, antagonists

Interactions of drugs

Mutual effects of drugs, toxicity

Development of new drugs

Development of new drug, preclinical and clinical assessment, registration

Special pharmacology

Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

Physiology, receptors, mediators, agonists, antagonists, mechanism of action

Parasympathetic nervous system - parasympathomimetics, parasympatolytics

Sympathetic nervous system - agonists, antagonists, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics

Cardiovascular system

Antiarhytmic drugs

Cardiac Arrhytmias, drugs affecting heart output, heartrate, classification

Therapy of heart failure

Heart failure, digitalis, positive inotropic effect, cardiac hypertrophy

Beta blockers

Beta receptors, classification, Clinic use and strategies

Drugs used in blood coagulation disorders

Diuretics

Mechanism of action, classification

Respiratory system

Drugs for Asthma treatment, mucolytics, cough preparations

Antihistmines

Histamin, pathofysiology, effects, H1 and H2 agonists, clinical use 1st and 2nd generation

Drugs used in GIT

Drugs and the liver, therapy of peptic ulcers, spasmolytic agents, motility stimulating agents, laxatives, therapy of diarhoe

Hypolipidemic drugs

Types of pareticles, types of disorders, statins, fibrates, nicotin acid

Drugs used in rheumatic disease and OA

NSAIDs, SYSADOA, DMOA

Analgetics - antipyretics

Effects, mechanism of action, dosage, main groups

Analgetics - opioids

Morfin and its derivates, analgetic receptors, mechanism of action, clinical use, combinations of analgetics

General anaesthetics

Neuromuscular blocking agents, classification, mode of action

Antibiotics

Classification and indications, mechanism of action

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Tetracyclins, Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Combination

Antiviral Drugs

Classificaton, specific use, AIDS, toxicity

Antidiabetic drugs

Classification, mechanism of action, oral antidiabetic drugs, insulins

Central nervous system Pharmacology

Mediators of CNS, classification, hypnotics and anxiolytics, drugs used in psychoses, antidepressant drugs, neuroprotective drugs

Korikosteroids

Pathophysiology, effects, indications, risks

Drug policy

Rationa, pharmacotherapy, drug reimbursement, drug utilization

Seminars

General pharmacology

Prescrtiption of Drugs

Introduction to rational drug prescribing

Patient-drug concept

Prerequisites for earning credits in pharmacology, MA degree program

The Institute provides education/training of Czech and English-speaking students.

Education in Grade IV - pharmacology for Czech and English-speaking students.

Prerequisites for earning credits in pharmacology, MA degree program

Poslední úprava: Mokoš Miroslav, Ing. (16.09.2021)
 
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