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Requirements for the Practical Part Medical Microbiology Exam (1).docx | Practical classes contents | Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. |
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Provides information on special clinical microbiology, virology, and parasitology. Reviews the most important
pathogens of particular body systems and particular patient`s groups. Reviews related pathogenesis, diagnostics
and therapy. During the practicals, reviews already acquired laboratory skills. Based on typical patient case reports
and prepared samples, provides the opportunity to go through complete laboratory and diagnostic process and
recommend the optimal treatment.
Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (12.02.2020)
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Students have to learn specialized microbiology and guidlines for effective anti-microbial therapy. In their written thesis they should provide ability to study in depth from different information sources and comprehensively summarize and explain knowledge obtained.
During practicals they learn diagnostics algorithm used in a routine laboratory for investigation of infectious agent and make familiar with routine tests. Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (12.02.2020)
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Doporučená:
Poslední úprava: Petříčková Kateřina, Mgr., Ph.D. (29.08.2024)
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I. CREDIT REQUIREMENTS 1. Lectures - Attendance is not compulsory, but please register it via ISIC readers in the lecture hall. If you attend 10 of 14 lectures at least you do not need to pass a final credit test. The optional credit test will review the knowledge from the lectures only (PC room, Moodle-based, 30 "single best" type of questions for 30 minutes, 60 % at least needed to pass, 3 attempts available, credit week primarily). 2. Attendance at the laboratory week. A single day absence due to serious reasons only (illness, injury, VISA issues) can be tolerated, please discuss the matter with your class supervisor in advance. In such case the student must learn the content of the missing lesson – the knowledge will be checked by the teacher. 3. Laboratory protocols. Write down the workflows and results obtained during the processing of individual materials. It is checked by the teacher during the practical lessons. In the end of the week, students report orally on the results of their identification experiments based on the protocols. 4. Seminar work oral presentation. Within the scope of Microbiology 1+2, the topic is chosen by the student himself/herself, the thesis should contain a theoretical ("textbook") introduction to the topic and, above all, a new knowledge from scientific or medical sources (e.g. new epidemiological data, therapeutic and preventive procedures, novel knowledge about known or new infectious agents, interesting clinical cases, etc.).
NON-COMPLETION OF THE PRACTICAL WEEK IN JUSTIFIED CASES: The student may be moved to a substitute week. This option is quite extraordinary, and each application will be judged individually. The application shall be sent to Dr. Tibor Moško, tibor.mosko@lf1.cuni.cz and shall be approved by the Head of the Institute. Credits will be awarded by the practical labs’ supervisors in the credit week after passing all the above-listed tests and/or duties.
II. EXAM: LIST OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS (valid from 2022/23):
I. PRACTICAL PART - 1 question - topics covered by microbiology practicals + following fields: 1. Microbiological diagnosis: indications, risks and effectiveness 2. Diagnosis of bacterial infections 3. Diagnosis of viral infections 4. Diagnosis of mycotic infections 5. Diagnosis of parasitary infections 6. Direct proof methods of microbial agents identification, interpretation of results 7. Indirect proof methods of microbial agents identification, interpretation of results; antibodies titre and its relevance 8. Cultivation media types and their applications 9. Anaerobic culture 10. Staining techniques for bacteria, micromycetes and parasites 11. Methods of toxin production proof 12. Interaction of bacterial hemolysins 13. Antibiotic susceptibility assessment: principles of disc-based and dilution methods, factors affecting reliability, limitations, interpretation of results 14. Identification based on phenotypic markers 15. Molecular techniques in identification: material, typical indications, results interpretation 16. Vaginal swab image: interpretation of results 17. Basic rules for microbial specimen collection 18. Transport of clinical specimens (preanalytical phase). 19. Infections of blood stream and systemic infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 20. Respiratory tract, oral cavity and ear infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 21. Gastrointestinal tract infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 22. Urinary tract infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 23. Genital tract infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 24. CNS infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 25. Eye infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 26. Skin infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 27. Microbiological examination of biopsy, punctate and section materials 28. Microbiological control of environment and sterility 29. Methods of decontamination 30. Methods of sterilization and the process control 31. Safety rules in the environment with risks of professional infections
II. THEORETICAL PART - 3 questions: A. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY A1. Bacterial cell structure (bacterial cell wall, superficial structures, spores) A2. Growth and proliferation of the bacterial population. Types and end products of bacterial metabolism A3. Natural bacterial flora and its regulation. Biofilms A4. Pathogenicity and virulence factors of bacteria; bacterial toxins and superantigens A5. Genetic information of bacteria and its transfer A6. Mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria A7. Structure of viruses and viral particles A8. Genetic information of viruses and their classification A9. Viral infection of a host cell and its cytopathic effects A10. Virus and host organism: Pathogenesis of viral infections, interferons. Ways of viral infection transmission. A11. Structure of an infectious prion particle, mechanism of prion propagation A12. Fungal cell structure A13. Medically important micromycetes - characteristics, transmission, mycotoxicoses A14. Medically important Protozoa - characteristics, transmission A15. Medically important helminths - characteristics, transmission A16. Basic rules for clinical specimen collection A17. Principles and mechanisms of specific and non-specific immunity A18. Transmission of infections: ways and mechanisms A19. Cultivation of bacteria and diagnosis of bacterial infections, limitations and examples of application A20. Antibiotic susceptibility assays, interpretation of results. Basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (MIC, MBC, AUC/MIC, T above MIC...) A21. Diagnosis of viral infections A22. Diagnosis of mycotic infections A23. Diagnosis of parasitic infections A24. Serological examination of clinical specimens. Basic techniques, their advantages and limitations A25. Methods for direct proofs of infectious agents in diagnosis of microbial infections A26. Beta-lactam antibiotics. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A27. Macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A28. Quinolones. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A29. Aminoglycosides. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A30. Glycopeptide antibiotics. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A31. Antiviral drugs. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A32. Antiviral drugs - inhibitors of entry and initial phases of viral replication cycle A33. Antiviral drugs - inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis A34. Antiviral drugs - inhibitors of proteases and the virus release from cells A35. Antifungal drugs A36. Antiparasitic drugs A37. Cotrimoxazole, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance
B. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B1. Staphylococcus aureus B2. Coagulase negative staphylococci B3. β-haemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae and other) B4. α-haemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans and other) B5. Enterococci B6. Corynebacterium spp and other coryneform gram-positive rods B7. Listeria spp., Erysipelothrix spp. B8. Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Rhodococcus spp. B9. Enterobacteria - Escherichia coli B10. Enterobacteria - Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. B11. Enterobacteria - Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp. and other facultatively pathogenic species B12. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp. B13. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonades B14. Gram-negative non-fermenting rods: Burkholderia spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and other B15. Neurotoxic clostridia species B16. Histotoxic clostridia species B17. Gram-positive non-sporulating anaerobes B18. Gram-negative anaerobic rods and cocci B19. Legionella spp. B20. Gram-negative aerobic cocci (Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp.) B21. Haemophilus spp., Bordetella spp. B22. Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter spp. B23. Borrelia spp., Leptospira spp. B24. Treponema spp. B25. Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma spp. B26. Chlamydia spp., Chlamydophilla spp. B27. Rickettsia spp., Coxiella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. B28. Classical and atypical mycobacteria B29. Candida spp. B30. Cryptococcus spp. and other (non-Candida) pathogenic yeasts B31. Aspergilli and Zygomycetes B32. Dermatophytes B33. Mucorales (Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp., Absidia spp., Mucor spp., etc) B34. Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., Penicillium marneffei, etc) B35. Pneumocystis jirovecii and mycotic infections in AIDS patients B36. Herpes Simplex and Varicella zoster virus B37. Herpesviruses - CMV, EBV. HHV-6,7,8 B38. Human papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses B39. Rotaviruses, noroviruses and other agents of viral diarrhoeas B40. Fecal-orally-transmitted hepatitis viruses B41. Sexually- or blood-transmitted hepatitis viruses B42. HIV virus B43. Influenza viruses B44. Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses (Parainfluenza and RS virus) B45. Adenoviruses B46. Enteroviruses (Polio and others) B47. Paramyxoviruses and parvoviruses B48. Rubella virus B49. Arboviroses and arbovirus encephalitis B50. Causative agents of viral haemorrhagic fevers B51. Rabies virus B52. Poxviruses B53. Prion diseases B54. Trypanosomes (African trypanosomes and Trypanosoma cruzi) B55. Leishmania spp. B56. Amoebae (Entamoeba histolytica and other) B57. Intestinal Protozoa (Giardia intestinalis and other) B58. Trichomonas vaginalis B59. Toxoplasma gondii B60. Malaric plasmodia B61. Schistosomas B62. Intestinal cestodes (Taenia, Hymenolepis, Diphylbothrium and other) B63. Tissue cestodes B64. Ascarids, pinworms and other intestinal nematodes B65. Strongyloides and hookworms B66. Trichinella spp. and other tissue nematodes B67. Lice, fleas and bedbugs B68. Itch mites and other skin-associated mites C. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY C1. Pathogens of skin and soft tissue infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C2. Exanthematous diseases of viral origin; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C3. Surgical site infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C4. Neuroinfections - aseptic infections and suppurative meningitis; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C5. Causative agents of upper respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C6. Causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy C7. Causative agents of urinary tract and kidney infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C8. Sexually transmitted infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C9. Causative agents of heart and blood vessels infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C10. Causative agents of bloodstream infections and sepsis; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C11. Intra-abdominal infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C12. Pathogens of diarrhoeal infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C13. Pathogens of bone and joint infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C14. Fetal and neonatal infections; causative agent and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C15. Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy (essential information for initiating and selecting an anti-infective treatment strategy when the causative agent is unknown). C16. Basic tools and methods for influencing appropriate antibiotic use in the community and hospital. C17. Treatment with antibiotics and other anti-infective drugs (initial and targeted treatment - choice of route and duration of administration, intensity of treatment; supportive measures: drainage of pus, etc.). C18. Principles of vaccination, immunoprophylaxis, passive immunization. C19. Mandatory vaccination and vaccination on request; evaluation of vaccination effectiveness. C20. Causative agents of the most important imported infections and assessment of their epidemiological significance in the Czech Republic. C21. Pathogens of highly dangerous infections and ways of preventing their spread. C22. The most important agents of nosocomial infections; multiresistant strains. C23. Zoonotic agents, principles of transmission, microbiological diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis. Poslední úprava: Petříčková Kateřina, Mgr., Ph.D. (27.09.2024)
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All students should have credit for B83122 Microbiology 1. Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (12.02.2020)
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I. CREDIT REQUIREMENTS 1. Lectures - Attendance is not compulsory, but please register it via ISIC readers in the lecture hall. If you attend 10 of 14 lectures at least you do not need to pass a final credit test. The optional credit test will review the knowledge from the lectures only (PC room, Moodle-based, 30 "single best" type of questions for 30 minutes, 60 % at least needed to pass, 3 attempts available, credit week primarily). 2. Attendance at the laboratory week. A single day absence due to serious reasons only (illness, injury, VISA issues) can be tolerated, please discuss the matter with your class supervisor in advance. In such case the student must learn the content of the missing lesson – the knowledge will be checked by the teacher. 3. Laboratory protocols. Write down the workflows and results obtained during the processing of individual materials. It is checked by the teacher during the practical lessons. In the end of the week, students report orally on the results of their identification experiments based on the protocols. 4. Seminar work oral presentation. Within the scope of Microbiology 1+2, the topic is chosen by the student himself/herself, the thesis should contain a theoretical ("textbook") introduction to the topic and, above all, a new knowledge from scientific or medical sources (e.g. new epidemiological data, therapeutic and preventive procedures, novel knowledge about known or new infectious agents, interesting clinical cases, etc.).
NON-COMPLETION OF THE PRACTICAL WEEK IN JUSTIFIED CASES: The student may be moved to a substitute week. This option is quite extraordinary, and each application will be judged individually. The application shall be sent to Dr. Tibor Moško, tibor.mosko@lf1.cuni.cz and shall be approved by the Head of the Institute. Credits will be awarded by the practical labs’ supervisors in the credit week after passing all the above-listed tests and/or duties.
II. EXAM: LIST OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS (valid from 2022/23):
I. PRACTICAL PART - 1 question - topics covered by microbiology practicals + following fields: 1. Microbiological diagnosis: indications, risks and effectiveness 2. Diagnosis of bacterial infections 3. Diagnosis of viral infections 4. Diagnosis of mycotic infections 5. Diagnosis of parasitary infections 6. Direct proof methods of microbial agents identification, interpretation of results 7. Indirect proof methods of microbial agents identification, interpretation of results; antibodies titre and its relevance 8. Cultivation media types and their applications 9. Anaerobic culture 10. Staining techniques for bacteria, micromycetes and parasites 11. Methods of toxin production proof 12. Interaction of bacterial hemolysins 13. Antibiotic susceptibility assessment: principles of disc-based and dilution methods, factors affecting reliability, limitations, interpretation of results 14. Identification based on phenotypic markers 15. Molecular techniques in identification: material, typical indications, results interpretation 16. Vaginal swab image: interpretation of results 17. Basic rules for microbial specimen collection 18. Transport of clinical specimens (preanalytical phase). 19. Infections of blood stream and systemic infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 20. Respiratory tract, oral cavity and ear infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 21. Gastrointestinal tract infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 22. Urinary tract infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 23. Genital tract infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 24. CNS infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 25. Eye infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 26. Skin infections: valid material for microbiological diagnosis 27. Microbiological examination of biopsy, punctate and section materials 28. Microbiological control of environment and sterility 29. Methods of decontamination 30. Methods of sterilization and the process control 31. Safety rules in the environment with risks of professional infections
II. THEORETICAL PART - 3 questions: A. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY A1. Bacterial cell structure (bacterial cell wall, superficial structures, spores) A2. Growth and proliferation of the bacterial population. Types and end products of bacterial metabolism A3. Natural bacterial flora and its regulation. Biofilms A4. Pathogenicity and virulence factors of bacteria; bacterial toxins and superantigens A5. Genetic information of bacteria and its transfer A6. Mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria A7. Structure of viruses and viral particles A8. Genetic information of viruses and their classification A9. Viral infection of a host cell and its cytopathic effects A10. Virus and host organism: Pathogenesis of viral infections, interferons. Ways of viral infection transmission. A11. Structure of an infectious prion particle, mechanism of prion propagation A12. Fungal cell structure A13. Medically important micromycetes - characteristics, transmission, mycotoxicoses A14. Medically important Protozoa - characteristics, transmission A15. Medically important helminths - characteristics, transmission A16. Basic rules for clinical specimen collection A17. Principles and mechanisms of specific and non-specific immunity A18. Transmission of infections: ways and mechanisms A19. Cultivation of bacteria and diagnosis of bacterial infections, limitations and examples of application A20. Antibiotic susceptibility assays, interpretation of results. Basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (MIC, MBC, AUC/MIC, T above MIC...) A21. Diagnosis of viral infections A22. Diagnosis of mycotic infections A23. Diagnosis of parasitic infections A24. Serological examination of clinical specimens. Basic techniques, their advantages and limitations A25. Methods for direct proofs of infectious agents in diagnosis of microbial infections A26. Beta-lactam antibiotics. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A27. Macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A28. Quinolones. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A29. Aminoglycosides. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A30. Glycopeptide antibiotics. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A31. Antiviral drugs. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A32. Antiviral drugs - inhibitors of entry and initial phases of viral replication cycle A33. Antiviral drugs - inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis A34. Antiviral drugs - inhibitors of proteases and the virus release from cells A35. Antifungal drugs A36. Antiparasitic drugs A37. Cotrimoxazole, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance
B. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B1. Staphylococcus aureus B2. Coagulase negative staphylococci B3. β-haemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae and other) B4. α-haemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans and other) B5. Enterococci B6. Corynebacterium spp and other coryneform gram-positive rods B7. Listeria spp., Erysipelothrix spp. B8. Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Rhodococcus spp. B9. Enterobacteria - Escherichia coli B10. Enterobacteria - Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. B11. Enterobacteria - Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp. and other facultatively pathogenic species B12. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp. B13. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonades B14. Gram-negative non-fermenting rods: Burkholderia spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and other B15. Neurotoxic clostridia species B16. Histotoxic clostridia species B17. Gram-positive non-sporulating anaerobes B18. Gram-negative anaerobic rods and cocci B19. Legionella spp. B20. Gram-negative aerobic cocci (Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp.) B21. Haemophilus spp., Bordetella spp. B22. Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter spp. B23. Borrelia spp., Leptospira spp. B24. Treponema spp. B25. Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma spp. B26. Chlamydia spp., Chlamydophilla spp. B27. Rickettsia spp., Coxiella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. B28. Classical and atypical mycobacteria B29. Candida spp. B30. Cryptococcus spp. and other (non-Candida) pathogenic yeasts B31. Aspergilli and Zygomycetes B32. Dermatophytes B33. Mucorales (Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp., Absidia spp., Mucor spp., etc) B34. Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., Penicillium marneffei, etc) B35. Pneumocystis jirovecii and mycotic infections in AIDS patients B36. Herpes Simplex and Varicella zoster virus B37. Herpesviruses - CMV, EBV. HHV-6,7,8 B38. Human papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses B39. Rotaviruses, noroviruses and other agents of viral diarrhoeas B40. Fecal-orally-transmitted hepatitis viruses B41. Sexually- or blood-transmitted hepatitis viruses B42. HIV virus B43. Influenza viruses B44. Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses (Parainfluenza and RS virus) B45. Adenoviruses B46. Enteroviruses (Polio and others) B47. Paramyxoviruses and parvoviruses B48. Rubella virus B49. Arboviroses and arbovirus encephalitis B50. Causative agents of viral haemorrhagic fevers B51. Rabies virus B52. Poxviruses B53. Prion diseases B54. Trypanosomes (African trypanosomes and Trypanosoma cruzi) B55. Leishmania spp. B56. Amoebae (Entamoeba histolytica and other) B57. Intestinal Protozoa (Giardia intestinalis and other) B58. Trichomonas vaginalis B59. Toxoplasma gondii B60. Malaric plasmodia B61. Schistosomas B62. Intestinal cestodes (Taenia, Hymenolepis, Diphylbothrium and other) B63. Tissue cestodes B64. Ascarids, pinworms and other intestinal nematodes B65. Strongyloides and hookworms B66. Trichinella spp. and other tissue nematodes B67. Lice, fleas and bedbugs B68. Itch mites and other skin-associated mites C. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY C1. Pathogens of skin and soft tissue infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C2. Exanthematous diseases of viral origin; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C3. Surgical site infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C4. Neuroinfections - aseptic infections and suppurative meningitis; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C5. Causative agents of upper respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C6. Causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy C7. Causative agents of urinary tract and kidney infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C8. Sexually transmitted infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C9. Causative agents of heart and blood vessels infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C10. Causative agents of bloodstream infections and sepsis; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C11. Intra-abdominal infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C12. Pathogens of diarrhoeal infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C13. Pathogens of bone and joint infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C14. Fetal and neonatal infections; causative agent and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C15. Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy (essential information for initiating and selecting an anti-infective treatment strategy when the causative agent is unknown). C16. Basic tools and methods for influencing appropriate antibiotic use in the community and hospital. C17. Treatment with antibiotics and other anti-infective drugs (initial and targeted treatment - choice of route and duration of administration, intensity of treatment; supportive measures: drainage of pus, etc.). C18. Principles of vaccination, immunoprophylaxis, passive immunization. C19. Mandatory vaccination and vaccination on request; evaluation of vaccination effectiveness. C20. Causative agents of the most important imported infections and assessment of their epidemiological significance in the Czech Republic. C21. Pathogens of highly dangerous infections and ways of preventing their spread. C22. The most important agents of nosocomial infections; multiresistant strains. C23. Zoonotic agents, principles of transmission, microbiological diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis. Poslední úprava: Petříčková Kateřina, Mgr., Ph.D. (27.09.2024)
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