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Tissue processing for histological examination and basic histological methods; cellular structure and function
including the cell organelles, cell contacts and cell communication, cell division, cell death, stem cell biology;
microscopical structure and ultrastructure of basic tissue types and their function, microscopical structure of organs.
Application of theoretical knowledge in the histological slide analysis. General embryology: development of
gametes, fertilization, development and differentiation of the germ layers. Structure and development of the
placenta. Development of the orofacial region. Overview of the fetal development and parturition.
Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (08.10.2020)
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Requirements for obtaining the winter semester credit from Histology and General Embryology in the academic year 2025/2026
1. A student has to attend 100% of the practical courses (a teacher can tolerate 2 justified absences). In addition, good study results throughout the semester are required including the practical knowledge of histological slides. In case of more absences or bad results from the tests during the semester, there is a possibility of obtaining the credit after an oral exam by the group teacher. This reexamination will take place based on the agreement with the teacher during the 15th week of the winter semester or during the exam period of the winter semester. In case of not obtaining the credit before the end of winter exam period, the student can get it together with the summer semester credit at the end of the summer semester based on the agreement with the teacher. 2. An independent requirement for the credit is a successful fulfillment of the credit test, which will take place in the regular term during the 15th week of the winter semester. Retake of this credit test can take place in the first or the fourth week of the exam period of the winter semester. Only two attempts will be allowed for the credit test altogether. For those students who fail the credit test twice there will be a possibility of an oral reexamination by the committee. The terms for oral reexaminations will be opened during the summer semester. 3. The third requirement for earning the credit is a demonstration of one histological slide during the practical lesson of the winter or the summer semester by each student. 4. The credit is a prerequisite for admission to the exam from Histology and General Embryology.
In Prague, September 24, 2025. doc. MUDr. Tomáš Kučera, Ph.D. Head of the Institute of Histology and Embryology
Poslední úprava: Kučera Tomáš, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (24.09.2025)
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Povinná:
Doporučená:
Volitelná:
Poslední úprava: Baxa Klobušovská Ema (24.01.2024)
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Lectures, seminars, practical courses; personal consultations on request.
Poslední úprava: Kučera Tomáš, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (05.10.2020)
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Requested knowledge for final exam of Histology and General Embryology
Cytology and general histology 1.Collection and processing of material for histological evaluation 2.Basic and special staining methods, principles and results 3.Histochemical methods, principles and application 4.Immunohistochemical methods, principles and application 5.Structural organization of the cell, overview of cell components 6.Cell membrane - structure and function 7.Cell surface specializations 8.Membranous cell organelles - structure and function 9.Cell nucleus and non-membranous cell organelles - structure and function 10.Cytoskeleton - structure, function and diagnostic application 11.Structure of intercellular junctions 12.Cell division - mitosis and meiosis 13.Cell cycle and its regulation, cell death – apoptosis 14.Epithelial tissue (classification according to the structure) 15.Epithelial tissue (classification according to the function) 16.Types of secretory cells, classification of glands 17.Smooth muscle tissue 18.Cross-striated skeletal muscle tissue, myofibril 19.Cross-striated cardiac muscle tissue, intercalated disc 20.Connective tissue - general structure and classification 21.Extracellular matrix – structure and function 22.Connective tissue proper – characteristics and classification 23.Cell types of connective tissue proper and their function 24.Cartilage - structure and function, description of the individual types 25.Microscopical structure of the bone tissue, description of the individual types 26.Endochondral and intramembranous ossification 27.Nerve cell - structure, types of neurons, synapse 28.Types of nerve fibers, their sheaths and endings 29.Neuroglia – common features, classification and function 30.Composition of the peripheral blood 31.Preparation and evaluation of the blood smear 32.Erythrocytes, structure and function 33.Leukocytes, classification, structure and function, leukogram 34.Platelets- differentiation, structure and function 35.Hematopoiesis, periods, stem cells, growth factors, structure of the bone marrow
Special histology 1.Structure of the heart, conducting system of the heart 2.General structure and classification of blood vessels 3.Structure of the capillaries, types of arrangement of the capillary bed 4.Structure of the arterial wall 5.Structure of the venous wall 6.Spleen, structure and function 7.Thymus, structure and function 8.Lymph node, structure and function 9.Overview of the immune system 10.Structure and function of the thyroid gland and parathyroid gland 11.Hypophysis, structure and function, hypophyseal portal system 12.Structure and function of the adrenal gland and pancreatic islets 13.Structure of the tongue, overview of the salivary glands of the oral cavity 14.Structure of compound salivary glands 15.Structure of the tooth 16.General structure of the digestive tube, structure of esophagus 17.Mucous layer of the stomach 18.Mucous layer of the small and large intestines 19.Pancreas and gall bladder, biliary ducts 20.Liver 21.Mucous layer of the respiratory tract 22.Structure and function of the larynx and trachea 23.Structure and function of the lung 24.Structure of the kidney, nephron 25.Relationship of nephron and vascular supply of the kidney 26.Excretory urinary passages 27.Skin, general structure, vascular supply and innervation 28.Structure and function of the epidermis 29.Structure of dermis and the subcutaneous tissue 30.Skin appendages 31.Structure and function of the mammary gland 32.Testis, spermatogenesis 33.Epididymis and vas deferens, structure and function 34.Accessory glands of the male reproductive system 35.Structure of the ovary 36.Development of the ovarian follicle, oogenesis 37.Uterus and oviduct 38.Endometrium and menstrual cycle 39.Cervix uteri and vagina, structure and examination 40.General characteristics of CNS and PNS 41.CNS – cyto- and myeloarchitecture of the brain cortex 42.Cerebellum and the spinal cord 43.Peripheral and optic nerve 44.General characteristics of the sensory organs 45.Histological structure of the anterior part of the eye 46.Histological structure of the posterior part of the eye 47.General structure of the inner ear, structure and function of its vestibular part 48.Cochlea and the organ of Corti
General embryology
1.Development (maturation) of sperm 2.Development (maturation) of oocyte 3.Fertilization and early development of the human embryo 4.Development and implantation of the blastocyst 5.Anomalies of implantation, ectopic pregnancy 6.Development of the amniotic and yolk sacs, chorion 7.Embryonic disc and its differentiation 8.Formation of the germ layers 9.Development of the ectoderm and its differentiation 10.Development of the neuroectoderm and its differentiation 11.Neural crest and its differentiation 12.Development of the mesoderm and its differentiation 13.Development of the axial structures (notogenesis) 14.Development of the notochord and its significance for development of other structures 15.Development of the endoderm and its differentiation 16.Origin and further development of the mesenchyme 17.Early development of the cardiovascular system 18.Primitive blood circulation 19.Development of the facial region, nasal and oral cavity 20.Development of the tooth 21.Development and structure of fetal membranes 22.Development and anomalies of the umbilical cord 23.Structure of the placenta 24.Development and anomalies of the placenta 25.Development of chorionic villi, hemoplacental barrier 26.Growth of the conceptus, development of its shape 27.Childbirth (parturition), signs of the full-term baby 28.Multiple pregnancies, twins and their fetal membranes 29.Summary of causes and manifestations of developmental anomalies 30.Basic conditions of teratogenesis, teratogens, critical periods
LIST OF HISTOLOGICAL SLIDES REQUIRED FOR THE FINAL EXAM Each slide can be stained with any of the basic staining methods, or special staining methods (Heidenhain’s hematoxylin, PAS, impregnation, alcian blue, luxol blue, elastin staining, Nissl´s method, alkaline phosphatase). Tissues: A5 Tendon (dense connective tissue, regular) A11 Fibrocartilage A12 Endochondral ossification A14 Intramembranous ossification A15 Haversian compact bone A16 Lamellar spongy bone A17 Uterus - Smooth muscle A18 Skeletal muscle A19 Skeletal muscle, Heidenhain´s hematoxylin
Circulatory system: F1 Heart F2 Large elastic artery (aorta), cross section F3 Large elastic artery (aorta), longitudinal section, orcein F4 Small muscular arteries and small veins F5 Small muscular arteries and small veins, basic staining method, elastin staining F6 Large muscular vein (vena cava inferior)
Lymphoid system: G1 Lymph node G2 Spleen G3 Spleen, silver impregnation G4 Thymus of the child G5 Thymus of the adult
Endocrine system: E1 Pituitary E2 Thyroid E3 Parathyroid E4 Suprarenal gland E5 Pancreas
Digestive system: B1 Lip B2 Tooth B3 Tongue, anterior part of the body B4 Tongue, root B5 Palatine tonsil B6 Parotid gland B7 Submandibular gland B8 Sublingual gland B9 Pancreas B10 Oesophagus B11 Stomach, cardia B12 Stomach, fundus B13 Stomach, pylorus B14 Duodenum B15 Jejunum B16 Large intestine B17 Appendix B18 Liver B19 Liver, PAS B20 Gallbladder B21 Anus
Respiratory system: D1 Epiglottis D2 Larynx D3 Trachea D4 Lung
Urinary system: C1 Kidney C2 Kidney, alkaline phosphatase C3 Ureter C4 Urinary bladder C5 Urethra
Male reproductive system: C6 Testis C7 Epididymis C8 Seminal vesicle C9 Spermatic cord C10 Prostate
Female reproductive system: C11 Ovary C12 Ovary, corpus luteum C13 Uterine tube C14 Uterus, body C15 Uterus, cervix C16 Vagina
Skin: H1 Thick skin H2 Thin hairy skin H3 Skin of the axilla H4 Mammary gland H5 Mammary gland during lactation H6 Nipple
Nervous system: L1 Brain L2 Brain, Nissl´s method L3 Cerebellum L4 Cerebellum, impregnation L5 Spinal cord L6 Choroid plexus L7 Peripheral nerve, longitudinal section L8 Peripheral nerve, cross section L9 Sympathetic ganglion L10 Spinal ganglion
Sensory organs: S1 Eye, anterior segment S2 Eye, posterior segment S3 Lacrimal gland S4 Eyelid S5 Olfactory epithelium, nasal mucosa S6 Inner ear S7 Optic nerve
Embryology: X1 Decidua X2 Chorion X3 Placenta X4 Umbilical cord X5 Development of the tooth
Poslední úprava: Kučera Tomáš, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2025)
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Winter semester
Week 1 Lecture: Terminology. Introduction to cytology. Cell membrane and membrane organelles. Lesson: Histological Technique I. Collection and processing of biological material. Week 2 Lecture: Non-membrane organelles, cytoskeleton. Cell junctions. Lesson: Histological Technique II. Staining in histology. Histochemistry. Week 3 Lecture: Cell nucleus. Cell cycle. Cell division. Apoptosis. Lesson: Structure of epithelial tissue. Microscopy of epithelial tissue I. Week 4 Lecture: Fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst development. Lesson: Function of epithelial tissue. Microscopy of epithelial tissue II. Week 5 Lecture: Implantation. Development of the yolk sac, amnion, chorion. Extraembryonic coelom. Lesson: Structure and function of connective tissue. Connective tissue in the strict sense of the word. Microscopy of connective tissue. Week 6 Lecture: Blastogenesis. Notogenesis. Differentiation of mesoderm and mesenchyme. Neurulation. Lesson: Cartilage, bone, ossification. Microscopy of cartilage, bone and ossification. Week 7 Lecture: Development of the placenta, umbilical cord and fetal membranes. Lesson: Muscle tissue. Microscopy of muscle tissue. Week 8 Lecture: Overview of the fetal period, labor (parturition). Lesson: Nerve tissue. Microscopy of nerve tissue. Week 9 Lecture: Development of the face, nasal and oral cavity, tooth development. Lesson: Blood, blood smear. Week 10 Lecture: Organs of the oral cavity. Lesson: Hematopoiesis, bone marrow smear. Week 11 Lecture: General structure of the digestive tube. Esophagus, stomach. Lesson: Microscopy of oral cavity organs and tooth development. Week 12 Lecture: Small and large intestine. Lesson: Liver, biliary tract, pancreas. Microscopy of digestive system organs. Week 13 Lecture: Cardiovascular system. Lesson: Microscopy of digestive system organs. Week 14 Lecture: Lymphatic system - defense of the organism. Lesson: Microscopy of the heart and blood vessels. Week 15 Lecture: Lymphatic system - organs. Lesson: Credit Test I: Cell, General histology and General embryology (lectures 1-8, lessons 1-10). Credit test I retake dates during the exam period Poslední úprava: Špácová Marika, DiS. (30.09.2025)
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