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Poslední úprava: MSOCH (23.04.2014)
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Poslední úprava: MSOCH (23.04.2014)
Knowledge and skills to be acquired: Theoretical and practical knowledge of the gross anatomy of organs and their topographical relations with emphases on clinical applications, knowledge of nomenclature used to describe the human body. |
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Poslední úprava: MSOCH (23.04.2014)
Recommended Textbooks
Platzer: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy ?
Vol.1 Locomotor System, Thieme 2003
Platzer, Kahle, Leonhardt: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy ?
Vol.2 Internal Organ, Thieme 1993
Kahle, Frotscher: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy ?
Vol.3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs, Thieme 2000
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Snell: Clinical Anatomy by systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2007
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Drake R., Vogl W., Mitchell A.: Grays Anatomy fot students. Elsevier 2005
Atlases
Netter: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Icon 2003
or Agur, Dalley: Grant´s Atlas of Anatomy, Williams and Wilkins 2005
or Köpf-Maier: Wolf-Heidegger?s Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.1+2, Karger 2001
or Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.1+2, Williams and Wilkins 2000
Grant's Dissector, Williams and Wilkins 1999 |
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Poslední úprava: MSOCH (23.04.2014)
Curricular timing: The course is taught during the first and second semester and contains: lectures (90 hrs), practical classes (60 hrs), seminars (30 hrs) and two dissection blocks (together 52 hrs). Total teaching hrs: 232. Attendance to practical lessons and dissections is obligatory, attendance to lectures is recommended.
Content: Gross anatomy of organs and regional anatomy with respect to functional and clinical purposes. Neuroanatomy includes microscopic structure and pathways of the central nervous system.
Lectures: 3 hrs per week in each of semesters according to syllabus. First semester: Anatomical terminology, locomotor apparatus including limbs, basic anatomical concept of vessels and nerves, central lymphatic organs, gastrointestinal system and respiratory system. Second semester: Urogenital system, heart, endocrine system, central and peripheral nervous system, sensory organs, skin. Attendance at lectures is recommended.
Practical classes/seminars: 3 hrs per week in each of semesters according to syllabus. The main purpose is demonstration of organs, clinically relevasnt seminars are given by students themselves. The knowledge of students is evaluated orally and in tests. Attendance is obligatory; first semester is closed by the credit with mark, second semester by credit.
Requirements for successfully passing the Anatomy Course 1) The study of Anatomy 1 is concluded by credit with mark. Anatomy 2, Gross anatomy dissection course 1 and Gross anatomy dissection course 2 are concluded by credits. The whole course of Anatomy is concluded by the final exam. 2) Requirements for receiving the credit a) obligatory attendance (absences must be substituted by taking individual consultation) b) knowledge of the subject evaluated by succesful passing of written and oral tests, activity at seminars. c) Anatomy 1 credit with mark (winter semester) can be obtained following excellent/ very good/ good results from seminars and all tests during winter semester. D marks (failures) from any test can be improved during the last week of semester. Unsuccessful students are classified no credit during the last practical and they are entitled to two re-examinations during winter examination period (written test). In the case of failure in the second re-examination written test, an oral exam follows (see list of questions on web). d) Anatomy 2 credit, Gross anatomy dissection course 1, 2 credits: In case the credit has not been obtained (unsuccessful students of Anatomy 2 are classified no credit during the last practical) the student is entitled to two re-examinations during examination period (written test - Anatomy 2; oral test - dissections) 3) Prerequisites: a) For signing up Anatomy 2 and Gross anatomy dissection courses 2: credit with mark from Anatomy 1 and credit from Gross anatomy dissection course 1. 4) For the admission to the final exam: all 4 credits from Anatomy, both credits from Basic Medical Terminology. 5) The final exam is organized during summer examination period. It consists of three parts: a) written test b) practical part: dissection of selected region and demonstration of selected organs including their X-ray, MR and CT pictures c) theoretical part based on the list of questions. Satisfactory result of written test is prerequisite for the admission to other parts of the exam. The exam can be terminated at any part without even commencing the oral part and evaluates the student ? failed?. This provision will not apply in case of a second re-examination. Satisfactory written test and practical part of the final exam is not necessary to retake in case of re-examination, they are valid during the whole exam period, however at longest for 4 months. 6) Students with Individual Study Plan must the extent and schedule of the subject discuss with the Head of the Departement (Prof. Grim) at the beginning of particular semester. |
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Poslední úprava: doc. MUDr. Ondřej Naňka, Ph.D. (16.05.2019)
Requirements for successfully passing the Anatomy Course |
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Poslední úprava: doc. MUDr. Ondřej Naňka, Ph.D. (16.05.2019)
List of questions: The list of questions for the final examination in microscopic and gross anatomy including organogenesis for students of general medicine. Each question covers both microscopic and macroscopic aspects of organ structure, its syntopy, development and the most frequent birth defects
Skeleton and its connections Structure and types of bones, innervation and blood supply of bone (draw scheme) Osteogenesis, ossification, remodeling and growth of bone Connection of bones, structure and types of joints The osseous nasal cavity, relations to neighboring structures Bony orbit - walls, relation to neighboring structures, passages Skull, skull of neonate and its development Vertebrae, vertebral column and its development, connections, curvatures and motility Craniovertebral joint Skeleton of thorax and its development, connections and motility of ribs Temporomandibular joint - structure and motility Development and growth of limb, molecular mechanisms, limb defects Shoulder joint - structure and movements Elbow joint - structure and movements Bones and joints of hand including reading of X-ray images Bony pelvis as complex, connections, passages, diameters, planes, sexual differences Hip joint - structure, movements, developmental dysplasia of hip Knee joint - structure, biomechanics, movements Talocrural and subtalar joints - structure, movements Bones and joints of foot including reading of X-ray images, plantar arches and their support
Muscles, fascias, osteofascial compartments Origin and development of muscles, molecular mechanisms General features of striated muscle, its auxiliary structures (motor end plate, motor unit, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ), motor and proprioceptive innervation Muscles and fascias of the head Muscles and fascias of the neck (draw transverse section of the neck) Muscles and fascias of thorax, diaphragm - structure, passages, function, innervation, diaphragmatic hernias Muscles of abdominal wall, fascias, function Inguinal canal (draw scheme), inguinal hernias Pelvic floor muscles, perineal muscles, ischioanal fossa, pelvic fascias (draw frontal section of pelvis) Muscles and fascias of back Muscles of shoulder girdle, fascias, axillary fossa Muscles and fascias of arm and forearm (draw transverse sections) Muscles and fascias of hand (draw transverse section), tendon sheaths, carpal canal Muscles and fascias of hip Muscles and fascias of thigh, femoral triangle, popliteal fossa Muscles, fascias and compartments of leg and foot (draw transverse sections)
Gastrointestinal tract General anatomy (macro and micro) of intestinal tube. Microscopic structure of the teeth and their development Macroscopic structure of the teeth, fixation, gingivodental junction, innervation and vascular supply, Primary and permanent dentition formula, eruption, types of occlusion Tongue, structure, intra- and extraglosseal muscles, vascular supply, innervation Soft and hard palate, muscles of soft plate (draw scheme), isthmus of fauces Palate development, cleft defects Salivary glands - structure, syntopy, innervation Pharynx - structure, syntopy, blood supply, innervation, Nasal, palatine and lingual tonsills structure (Waldeyer circuit) Oesophagus - structure (macro and micro), syntopy Stomach - shape, position, syntopy, projections Stomach - structure of the wall, divisions, vascular supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage Development of oesophagus, stomach and small and large intestine Small inestine - structure, divisions, vascular supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage Duodenum - divisions, positions, syntopy (draw scheme), blood supply Large intestine, structure, divisions (draw scheme), syntopy, vascular supply, innervation, positions of vermiform appendix Pancreas - structure, Langerhans islets, syntopy, Liver - segments, syntopy (draw scheme of visceral surface) Liver - structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed,intrahepatic bile ducts Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (draw scheme) Development of pancreas and liver Rectum and anal canal - structure, syntopy (draw frontal and sagittal sections), vascular supply, sphincters and their innervation Peritoneum - parietal and visceral, greater and lesser omentum Lesser sac (omental bursa), its recesses Intestinal rotation, development of visceral situs and mesentery
Respiratory system Nasal cavity, choanae, vascular and nerve supply Paranasal sinuses and their syntopy, their development Larynx - cartilagines, ligaments, joints, muscles (draw frontal section) Larynx - position and syntopy, vascular and nerve supply (draw laryngoscopic view of inlet) Trachea - description , structure, syntopy (draw scheme), tracheotomy Bronchi , bronchial tree - structure, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, syntopy Lungs - description, syntopy, bronchopulmonary segments Internal structure of lungs - alveoli and their microscopic structure, surfactant, development and maturation of lungs Lungs - description, syntopy, borders and projection onto thoracic wall, vascular and nerve supply, lymphatics Pleura - visceral and parietal, structure, borders of pleura, pleural dome and recesses (draw scheme), innervation Mechanics of respiration, pneumothorax
Urinary and reproductive system Development of urinary system Kidney - description, position, syntopy (draw scheme), birth defects Structure of kidney - cortex, medulla, nephron, envelopes Vascualr supply of kideny, segments Renal calices, pelvis, ureter - syntopy Urinary bladder - structure and position, fixation and syntopy in male and female (draw scheme) Male and female urethra - description, its parts, hypospadia Development of reproductive system Testis and epididymis Scrotum and coverings of testis, descent of testis and its defects Vas (ductus) deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles Prostate - structure, topographic relations, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory ducts Penis - structure (draw cross-section), vascular and nerve supply, mechanism of errection Ovary - structure and position, ovarian cycle, vascular supply, extrauterine gravidity, infertility , IVF Uterine (Fallopian) tube - structure, divisions, position, vascular supply Uterus - shape and divisions, structure of wall, endometrial cycle, vascular supply, lymphatics Uterus - position, fixation, syntopy, birth defects Vagina - structure and syntopy (draw uterus and vagina in sagittal section) External female genital organs, perineum
Heart Heart - description, prenatal and postnatal circulation Heart development and its common birth defects Cardiac wall arrangement, cardiac skeleton, chambers (draw section through ventricles) Endocardium, cardiac valves - structure and function, auscultation heart points, cardiac skeleton (draw scheme) Conducting system of the heart- structure and function Coronary arteries, veins and nerves, coronarography Heart location and projection, X-ray (draw scheme of radiogram), auscultation heart points Epicardium and pericardium - structure, syntopy, pericardial reflections around roots of the great vessels, pericardial puncture (pericardiocentesis)
Arteries Vascular development, structure of arteries, veins, lymphatic vessel, collateral circulation Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta (course, syntopy, branches) Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery External carotid artery - course, syntopy, branches Subclavian artery - course, syntopy, branches Arteries of upper extremity - course, syntopy, branches Abdominal aorta, position, topographic relations, parietal and visceral branches External and internal iliac artery Arteries of lower extremity - course, syntopy, branches Anatomical background for vessel punctures, pressure points, palpation
Veins Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, jugular veins Internal jugular vein - course and tributaries Cranial veins, sinus durae matris, cerebral veins Inferior vena cava - course and tributaries, cavocaval anastomoses Azygos and hemiazygos veins, vertebral venous plexuses Portal vein - tributaries, portocaval (portosystemic) anastomosis Superficial and deep veins of upper and lower extremities Lymphatic system Thymus - structure, position and syntopy, function Lymph node - structure and functional zones, sentinel lymph node, lymphatic tissue in organs, main lymphatic ducts Spleen - structure, position, syntopy, vascular supply Lymph nodes and collectors of head and neck Lymph nodes and collectors of thoracic wall and lungs Lymph nodes and collectors of stomach, liver and pancreas Lymph nodes and collectors of intestines, lymph nodes and collectors of testis Lymph nodes and collectors of vagina, uterus and ovaries Lymph nodes and collectors of upper and lower limbs
Central nervous system - CNS Neural tube development and its differenatiation, defects of neural tube closure Spinal cord segments, positional changes of cord (vertebromedullar topography), cauda equina Spinal cord - structure of gray and white matter, cross section (draw scheme) Medulla oblongata and pons - gray and white matter, draw cross sections Floor of rhomboid fossa and cranial nerve nuclei (draw scheme) Mesencephalon (midbrain) - gray and white matter, draw cross section Reticular formation Cerebellum - structure, subdivision and functional organization, nuclei and afferent connections Intrinsic and efferent connections of cerebellum and their function Diencephalon - structure, subdivision and functional organization Thalamus - nuclei, afferent and efferent connections of main nuclei, their function Hypothalamus - subdivisions, connections and function Anatomical background of hypothalamohypophyseal regulation Basal ganglia, their connections and function, parkinsonism Main functional areas of cerebral cortex White matter of hemispheres - association and commissural fibers, internal capsule (draw scheme of tracts in internal capsule) Ventricular system of brain (draw scheme), circulation of liquor, hydrocephalus Meninges, vascular supply of spinal cord, lumbar puncture Brain vessels and blood-brain barrier, brain dysfunctions related to inadequate blood supply via particular blood vessels brain damage due to vascular occlusion Lemniscal system (dorsal column tract), proprioceptive and tactile sensation, sensory loss in spinal cord lesions Anterolateral system of sensitive spinal tracts - (spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts), pain pathways Corticospinal (pyramidal) and corticonuclear tract Motor pathways in spinal cord and motor deficiencies in spinal cord lesions Auditory pathway Visual pathway and visual cortical areas Olfactory and gustatory pathway, olfactory nerve Limbic system - connections and function (cortical areas, hippocampal formation, amygdalar complex) Neurotransmitters in the CNS, main brain chemical systems
Peripheral nervous system - PNS Neural crest cells and their differentiation Ventral and dorsal spinal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, draw general structure of the spinal nerve and its branches, autonomic fibers of spinal nerve Segmental innervation, radicular areas, dermatomes, Head´s zones (zones of reffered visceral pain), sensory receptors, peripheral nerve regeneration Cervical plexus, supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus Infraclavicularis portion of brachial plexus (draw scheme) and upper limb innervation Radial and axillary nerve, paralysis of them Median and ulnar nerve, paralysis of them Skin and motor innervation of head and neck Lumbar plexus and its branches Femoral nerve Sacral plexus and its branches Sciatic nerve, paralysis of common peroneal nerve Overview of muscular and skin innervation of lower limb First and second branch of trigeminal nerve, sensory trigeminal nuclei Third branch of trigeminal nerve Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerve Facial nerve Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve Accessory and hypoglossal nerves Cervical and thoracic sympathetic system Cranial and sacral parasympathetic system Abdominal and pelvic autonomic plexuses and ganglias, enteric system
Sensory organs, skin, endocrine glands Eye development Eyball (draw sagittal section)-vascular supply, innervation, chambers, aqueous humor circulation Cornea, sclera and vitreous body, corneal reflex Iris, cilliary body, choroidea, pupillary light reflex Lens - structure and insertion, accommodation Retina - structure, vascular supply (draw schema of eye fundus) Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus Extraocular muscles External acustic meatus and tympanic membrane (draw otoscopic view), paracentesis (miringotomy) Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, auditory tube Bony and membranous labyrinths (draw cross section of bony cochlea and cochlear duct) vestibulocochlear nerve, nystagmus Skin - epidermis and dermis, skin types, skin receptors, skin appendages (hair, nails, glands) Mamma - description and structure, blood supply and innervation, lymphatics Thyroid and parathyroid glands - structure, function, topography, blood supply Suprarenal gland - structure and developmental origin of cortex and medulla, function, syntopy (draw scheme), blood supply Hypophysis - development, structure of adeno and neurohypophysis, function, syntopy Regional Anatomy Layers of scalp, frontal and temporal regions Superficial regions of face Infratemporal fossa and pterygoplatine fossa External and internal cranial base - openings for vessels and nerves Submandibular triangle, carotid triangle (draw scheme) Lateral neck region, scalenic fissure Axilla - boundaries, content Brachial region (draw transverse section) Cubital fossa Antebrachial region (draw transverse section) Topographic anatomy of the hand (draw transverse section) and fingers Gluteal region Anterior thigh region, iliopectineal fossa, femoral triangle (draw schema) Popliteal fossa, adductor canal Leg region (draw transverse section) Retromalleolar regions (med.+ lat.) Topography of foot (draw transverse section) Mediastinum - division, borders (draw transverse section) Topography of chest wall (draw scheme of intercostal space) Projections of heart, lungs and pleura onto thoracic wall, puncture of thorax Topography of abdominal wall, rectus abdominis sheath (draw transverse section), blood supply, innervation, surgical approaches Projections of abdominal organs onto abdominal wall Inguinal region, inguinal canal, hernias Topography of peritoneal cavity - supra and inframesocolic part (draw transverse section through lesser sac) Topography of duodenum and pancreas (draw schema) Retroperitoneal space, topography of its organs including vessels and nerves Topographic anatomy of male pelvis (draw sagittal section) Topographic anatomy of the female pelvis (draw sagittal section), mechanism of continence Pelvic floor muscles, ischioanal fossa (draw frontal section of pelvis), perineal region Topography of vertebral canal, anatomic backgrounds of spinal tap (lumbar puncture) and epidural anesthesia |