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Course, academic year 2023/2024
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Phytohormones - MB130P15E
Title: Phytohormones
Czech title: Fytohormony
Guaranteed by: Department of Experimental Plant Biology (31-130)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2022
Semester: summer
E-Credits: 4
Examination process: summer s.:
Hours per week, examination: summer s.:2/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: 5
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Additional information: http://kfrserver.natur.cuni.cz/studium/prednasky/fytohorm/fytohormony.pdf
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: Ing. Klára Hoyerová, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): Ing. Klára Hoyerová, Ph.D.
doc. RNDr. Radomíra Vaňková, CSc.
Incompatibility : MB130P15
Is incompatible with: MB130P15
Annotation -
Last update: Ing. Klára Hoyerová, Ph.D. (20.04.2018)
Systems of plant growth regulation, signalling cascades. Phytohormones - general characteristics, mechanisms of action. Auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, strigolactones, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, peptide hormones - metabolism, mechanism of action, physiological effects and cross-talk. Metods of phytohormone research.
We suggest completing a course on Plant physiology before attending this course.

Literature -
Last update: RNDr. Hana Konrádová, Ph.D. (29.10.2019)

Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of  Plants, Wiley Blackwell & ASPP, 2015, ISBN: 978-0-470-71421-8.

Davies PJ (ed): Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Springer/Kluwer, revised 3rd edition. ISBN: 978-1-4020-2685-0 (PB), 2010.

Matsubayashi Y: Posttranslationally modified small-peptide signals in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 65:385-413, 2014.

Zažímalová E, Petrášek J, Benková E (eds): Auxin and Its Role in Plant Development, pp. 444, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1526-8_1, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014.

Taiz L, Zeiger E, eds.: Plant Physiology, 6th eddition, pp. 761. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, MA, 2015.

Requirements to the exam
Last update: Ing. Klára Hoyerová, Ph.D. (20.04.2018)

Exam - interview

Syllabus -
Last update: Ing. Klára Hoyerová, Ph.D. (13.03.2019)

1. Basic terms

Phytohormone, growth regulator. Types of phytohormones. Theory of hormonal regulation of plant growth and development. Methods in phytohormone research. Mechanisms of action of phytohormones, signaling cascades.

2. Auxins

Discovery of auxins in plants. Physiological effects of auxins. Chemical structure and properties of auxins and antiauxins. Metabolism of auxins (biosynthesis, conjugation and release from conjugates, degradation). Regulation of internal concentration of auxins. Transport of auxins, polarity, translocation across the  plasma membrane, carriers, inhibitors of polar auxin transport. Transduction of auxin signal, receptors, signalling pathways, gene expression, ubiquitination. Transgenic plants in respect to auxins. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of extraction and determination of auxins.

3. Cytokinins

Discovery of cytokinins in plants. Physiological effects of cytokinins. Chemical structure and properties of cytokinins (isoprenoid, aromatic, urea-type) and anticytokinins. Metabolism of cytokininins (biosynthesis, conjugation and release from conjugates, degradation). Regulation of internal concentration of cytokinins. Transport of cytokinins. Transduction of cytokinin signal, receptors, signalling pathways. Transgenic plants in respect to cytokinins. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of extraction and determination of cytokinins.

4. Gibberellins

Discovery of gibberellins in plants. Chemical structure and properties of gibberellins. Metabolism of gibberellins (biosynthesis, mutual interconversion, conjugation and release from conjugates, degradation). Mechanisms of action of gibberellins - signal transduction, effect on gene expression. Physiological effects of gibberellins - role of mutants in their research. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of extraction and determination of gibberellins.

5. Abscisic acid

Discovery of abscisisc acid (ABA) in plants. Chemical structure and properties of ABA. Metabolism of ABA (biosynthesis, conjugation and release from conjugates, degradation). Mechanisms of action of ABA - signal transduction, effect on gene expression, antagonism with gibberellins. Physiological effects of ABA - role of mutants in their research. ABA as a stress hormone. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of extraction and determination of ABA.

6. Ethylene

Discovery of ethylene as plant hormone. Chemical structure and properties of ethylene. Ethylene as a gaseous hormone - compartmentation in plant tissues. Metabolism of ethylene (biosynthesis, degradation and conjugation of its precursor). Mechanisms of action of ethylene - receptors, signal transduction, effect on gene expression. Physiological effects of ethylene - role of mutants in their research. Ethylene and stress. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of ethylene determination.

7. Brassinosteroids, strigolactones

Discovery of brassinosteroids and strigolactones. Chemical structure and properties of these substances. Metabolism (biosynthesis and degradation). Mechanisms of action - signal transduction. Physiological effects. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of determination.

8. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid

Discovery of salicylic acid (SA) as plant hormone. Discovery of jasmonic acid (JA). Chemical structures and properties of SA and JA. Metabolism of SA and JA (biosynthesis, conjugation and release from conjugates, degradation). Mechanisms of action of SA and JA - signal transduction, effect on gene expression, and antagonism of signalling pathways activated after attack from biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Physiological effects. Cross-talk with other hormones. Methods of extraction and determination.

9. Peptide hormones

Discovery of particular peptide hormones (25 at present). Their chemical structure and properties. Mechanism of action and physiological functions (defence against pathogens and herbivores, regulation of growth and development, namely regulation of reproduction, nodulation and abscission). Cross-talk with other hormones.

 
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