History and Organization of Pharmacy - GAF297

• Title: History and Organization of Pharmacy
• Guaranteed by: Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy (16-16220)
• Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
• Actual: from 2023
• Semester: winter
• Points: 0
• E-Credits: 3
• Examination process: winter s.:oral
• Hours per week, examination: winter s.:28/0, Ex [HS]
• Capacity: unlimited / unknown (unknown)
• Min. number of students: unlimited
• 4EU+: no
• Virtual mobility / capacity: no
• State of the course: taught
• Language: English
• Teaching methods: full-time
• Teaching methods: full-time
• Note: course can be enrolled in outside the study plan; enabled for web enrollment
• Guarantor: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D.
• Interchangeability : GAF200
• Is interchangeable with: GAF200

Annotation

English

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

The first part of the subject introduces students to the current role and form of pharmacy: its position in the health system and its internal structure - pharmaceutical sciences and branches, their sub-functions and organizations. The second part introduces the historical development of the pharmacy in its entirety, with an emphasis on the roots of the current form of pharmaceutical practice. In the necessary extent, the history of pharmacy-related fields - medicine, natural sciences, and technology - are discussed, too. Topics: Health care and pharmacy; Organization of pharmacy: pharmaceutical sciences and branches; Pharmacy as a part of medicine: Prehistory and Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt; Separation of pharmacy from medicine. Pharmacy and medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome; Pharmacy separated from medicine. The medieval European and Arab pharmacy and medicine; Pharmacy and medicine in the Renaissance I, II; Pharmacy and medicine in the Early Modern Period; Pharmacy and medicine in th 19th century I, II; Pharmacy and Medicine in the 20th century I, II, History of pharmacy in the Czech lands.

Czech

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Předmět v první části seznamuje studenty se současnou úlohou a podobou farmacie: jejím postavením v systému zdravotnictví a její vnitřní strukturou – farmaceutickými odvětvími a vědami, jejich dílčími funkcemi a organizací. Ve druhé části je představen historický vývoj farmacie v celé její šíři, s důrazem na kořeny současné podoby farmaceutické praxe. V nezbytném rozsahu jsou probírány dějiny farmacii příbuzných oborů – medicíny, přírodních věd a techniky. Témata: Zdravotnictví a farmacie; Organizace farmacie: farmaceutické vědy a odvětví; Farmacie jako součást medicíny: pravěk a starověká Mezopotámie a Egypt; Vydělování farmacie z medicíny. Farmacie a medicína ve starověkém Řecku a Římě; Farmacie oddělená od medicíny. Středověká evropská a arabská farmacie a medicína; Farmacie a medicína v renesanci I, II; Farmacie a medicína v raném novověku I, II; Farmacie a medicína v 19. století I, II; Farmacie a medicína ve 20. století I, II; Dějiny farmacie v českých zemích.

Course completion requirements

English

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Exam conditions: Test consisting of 12 questions (1 correct answer from 3 suggested). 1 point for each correct answer, 7 points is a minimum to pass the exam.

Czech

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Písemná zkouška.

Literature

English

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Obligatory:

• Zebroski, Bob. A brief history of pharmacy : humanity's search for wellness. New York: Routledge, 2016, 250 s. ISBN 978-0-415-53784-1.
• Anderson, Stuart (ed.). Making medicines : a brief history of pharmacy and pharmaceuticals. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2005, 318 s. ISBN 978-0-85711-099-2.

Recommended:

• Cowen, David L., Helfand, William H.. Pharmacy : an illustrated history. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1990, 272 s. ISBN 0-8109-1498-0.

Czech

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Povinná:

• Zebroski, Bob. A brief history of pharmacy : humanity's search for wellness. New York: Routledge, 2016, 250 s. ISBN 978-0-415-53784-1.
• Anderson, Stuart (ed.). Making medicines : a brief history of pharmacy and pharmaceuticals. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2005, 318 s. ISBN 978-0-85711-099-2.

Doporučená:

• Cowen, David L., Helfand, William H.. Pharmacy : an illustrated history. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1990, 272 s. ISBN 0-8109-1498-0.

Syllabus

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Lectured topics:
Pharmacy: purpose, functions, definitions.
Pharmaceutical sciences. Pharmaceutical branches. Organization of pharmacy.
Medicine and pharmacy in Prehistory.
Medicine and pharmacy in the Ancient times
Pharmacy and medicine in Middle Ages
Pharmacy and medicine in Modern Era
Pharmacy and medicine in 19th century
Pharmacy and medicine in 20th century

Teaching methods

English

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Lectures. 

Czech

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Přednášky.

Requirements to the exam

Last update: Mgr. Jindřich Kolda, Ph.D. (28.09.2023)

Test consisting of 12 questions (1 correct answer from 3 suggested). 1 point for each correct answer, 7 points is a minimum to pass the exam

Knowledge of following topics, persons, and writings is required:

 Introduction to Pharmacy

What pharmacy is, its purpose and objects of interest

What pharmaceutical sciences and branches are and their objects of interest

Prehistoric Pharmacy

Basic characteristic (animism, medicine man, oral rite, manual rite)

Pharmacy in the Ancient times

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China (basic characteristic, important writings)

Greece (types of medicine, important persons and writings, humoral pathology, forerunners of pharmacists – rhizotomoi)

Roman Empire (important persons and writings, forerunners of pharmacists – unguentarii, characteristic of Roman pharmacy; theriac)

Pharmacy in the Middle Ages

Byzantine Empire (beginning of the hospital care, basic characteristic of pharmacy, important regulations and writings, Nestorians)

Caliphate (importance of Arab medicine and pharmacy, important persons and writings, pharmacy practice in Caliphate)

Monastic medicine and pharmacy (basic characteristic – Benedictines, organization of health care in monasteries)

Secular medicine in Europe (schools of medicine – their importance, persons, writings)

European pharmacy (classical pharmacy practice – characteristic, regulations, literature)

Pharmacy in the Modern History

Renaissance, 16t–18th century (Paracelsus and his tria prima theory, chemiatry and its influence on pharmacy practice, new drugs (overseas natural drugs, inorganic chemical drugs), development of sciences, development of health care, apothecary‘s shop)

19th and 20th century: some great discoveries, new drugs (organic drugs isolated from plants /alkaloids/, organic synthetic drugs /chloralhydrate/, antibacterial chemotherapeutics /arsphenamine, sulfonamides, penicillin/, insulin, neuroleptics /chlorpromazine/), changes in education, changes in pharmacy practice – crisis of pharmacy practice, shift from product oriented pharmacy to patient oriented pharmacy: development of clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care

Development of pharmaceutical industry (basic characteristic: types of proprietary rights, ways of development of pharmaceutical industry, mergers; thalidomide affair, increasing clinical testing)

Development of pharmaceutical education (from apprenticeship system to university education)

Development of pharmacopoeias (definition and aims of pharmacopoeia, development from local pharmacopoeias to state and international pharmacopoeias, first pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopoeia)

 

List of persons:

Imhotep

Asclepios, Hygiea, Panakeia

Hippocrates

Pedanius Dioscorides

Galen of Pergamon

 

Basil the Great

Benedict of Nursia

Rhazes

Avicenna

Kohen al-Attar

Constantine the African

Frederick II

 

Paracelsus

Pietro Andrea Mattioli

Johann Rudolf Glauber

Etienne Francois Geoffroy

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Antoine Lavoisier

Carl Linné

 

Friedrich Sertürner (morphine)

Joseph Pelletier, Joseph Caventou (other alkaloids)

Friedrich Wöhler (synthesis of urea)

Charles Pravaz (syringe)

Stanislas Limousin, Louis Friedländer (ampoules)

William Brockedon (tablets)

Paul Ehrlich (arsphenamine)

Frederick Banting, Charles Best (insulin)

Alexander Fleming (penicillin)

 

List of writings

The oldest Sumerian medical text

Code of Hammurabi

Ebers papyrus

De materia medica (Dioscorides)

Canon medicinae (Avicenna)

Handbook for the Apothecary Shop (Kohen al-Attar)

Antidotarium Nicolai, A. Pseudo-Mesue

Constitutiones regni Siciliae (Frederick II)

 

Compendium aromatariorum (Saladino of Ascoli)

Commentarrii in sex libros Pedanii Dioscoridis (Pietro A. Mattioli)

Dispensatorium pharmacopolarum (Valerius Cordus, the 1st mandatory pharmacopoeia)

Pharmacopoea Londinensis 1618 (the 1st pharmacopeia including Paracelsian inorganic drugs)

Pharmacopoea Edinburgensis 1756 (the 1st modern pharmacopoeia expelling theriacs and doubtful drugs)

European Pharmacopoiea