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Last update: Tereza Česenková (01.08.2023)
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Last update: Tereza Česenková (01.08.2023)
To obtain credit for Physiology I, the following conditions must be fulfilled: I. General – attendance and conduct code in the classes Attendance at practical classes and seminars is mandatory and students are to be in their seats in time. Students come properly prepared for performing the planned practical class and knowing the theory immediately related to the class. The number of absences must not exceed 15 % of all practical classes in winter term. Late coming irrespective of reason, a serious negligence of preparedness for practical class, or deliberately leaving class earlier will be considered and recorded as absence. The organization of the practical classes may change in the light of the current epidemic situation and the regulations in force. Behaviour in practical classrooms and laboratories must follow the rules explained in the first class. II. Protocols Each student must record results and discussion of every performed practical task in Manuals for the Practical Classes in Physiology. The completed practical class protocols will be checked at the final (credit) practical class. III. Knowledge Each student must pass 4 tests in winter term (Physiology of Blood and Body Fluids, Immune System, General Neurophysiology and Myology, Central Nervous System). Each test is in the form of a multiple-choice questionnaire and consists of 20 questions, every question offers 4 answers (different variants of the correct answers). Points will be deducted for a wrong answer. Minimal scoring grade in each test is 50 %. It is strictly forbidden to use any electronic devices or to cheat in any other way during tests. If the student violates this rule, he will be graded "insufficient". If the student fails the test, he is entitled up to 2 retake tests. The dates of the tests and retake tests will be announced at the beginning of the winter semester. Tests are usually performed on tablets in the Moodle system. The organization of the tests may change in the light of the current epidemic situation.
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Last update: Tereza Česenková (01.08.2023)
Lecturers
Introduction to physiology (homeostasis and its regulation). Body fluid compartments. Composition of body fluids. Function of blood. Physical constants of blood. Plasma. Red blood cells. Hemolysis. Sedimentation of red cells. Haemoglobin. Regulation of red blood cell production - the role of erytropoietin. Essential substances required for erythropoiesis. Blood groups, blood transfusion. Hemostasis (vessel reaction, importance of platelets, blood clotting, anticlotting mechanisms, anticoagulant drugs). White blood cells. Regulation of white cell production. Immunology. Clasification of immune mechanisms (non-specific defence mechanisms, specific immune mechanisms, humoral and cell-mediated). Interactions between non-specific and specific immune mechanisms. Ontogenesis of immunity. Vaccination and passive immunity. Inflammation, allergy, auto-immunity. Resting membrane potential. Action potential. All-or-nothing principle. Chronaxy. Excitation, propagation of action potential. Degeneration and regeneration of nerves, elektroneurogram. Synaptic transmission. Excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. Pre-synaptic inhibition and facilitation. Classification of neurotransmitters. Contraction of skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. Excitation - contractin coupling. Muscle fatigue. Contraction and excitation of smooth muscle. Neural and hormonal control of smooth muscle contraction. Spinal cord reflexes - proprioceptive stretch and tendon reflexes, exteroceptive reflexes, the role of muscle spindle and of gamma system, reciprocal innervation. Control of posture and movement - motor functions of spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, descendent part of reticular formation and brain. Autoconomic nervous system. Regulation of visceral function - the role of spinal cord, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and limbic system in control of vegetative functions. The reticular activating system, spontaneous and evoked electric brain activity (EEG and evoked potentials). Blood - brain barrier cerebrospinal fluid. Metabolism of the brain. CNS, inborn and acquired forms of behaviour, learning and memory. Emotion. Specific characteristics of CNS in human (speech, hemispheric dominance, prefrontal lobes), types of personality. Action potential in cardiac muscle. Electrical and mechanical properties of cardiac muscle, conductive system. Contraction of cardiac muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling. Homeostasis of calcium. Mechanical properties of heart, metabolism of cardiac muscle. The heart as a pump. The cardiac cycle. The main hemodynamic events associated with the cardiac cycle. Heart sounds. ECG. Cardiac output - method of measurement, regulation of output. Dynamics of blood flow. Flow, pressure, and resistance. Laminar and turbulent flow. Poiseuille-Hagen formula. Critical closing pressure. Law of Laplace. Functional parts of circulation of vessel, function of endothelium. Production of interstitital fluid, lymph. Local and systemic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. Cardiac innervation. The reflex mechanisms for maintaining normal arterial pressure. Circualtion through special regions (tooth pulp cerebral circulation, splanchnic, lung circulation, circulation of the skin, and of muscles). Stimulus, receptor potential, adaptation of receptors. Vision. Tactile sensation, perception of temperature and pain in orofacial area. Hearing and vestibular apparatus. Smell and taste.
Practical courses & seminars Lecturers
Seminars
Practical courses
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Last update: Tereza Česenková (01.08.2023)
Compulsory literature
Recommended literature
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