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Course, academic year 2023/2024
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Introduction to Clinical Medicine III - Propedeutics in Medicine - C3VL005
Title: Úvod do klinické medicíny III - Interní propedeutika
Guaranteed by: Department of Internal Medicine 3FM CU and UHKV (12-2INK)
Faculty: Third Faculty of Medicine
Actual: from 2021
Semester: winter
Points: 2
E-Credits: 2
Examination process: winter s.:
summer s.:
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:16/30, C [HS]
summer s.:0/10, C+Ex [HS]
Capacity: winter:unknown / unknown (unknown)
summer:unknown / unknown (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Teaching methods: full-time
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Guarantor: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D.
Examination dates   Schedule   
Annotation -
Last update: Pavla Ježková (26.03.2020)
Dear colleagues, following the adoption of a crisis measure restricting any form of presence teaching, including examinations, the examination in propaedeutics is also canceled until further notice. The new schedule with dates will be announced after the crisis measures have been released, sufficient ammount fo slots will be opened. You will be informed about this in due time. Existing dates remain, although it is likely that they will not be able to be implemented given the duration of the crisis measures. I understand that the situation is difficult for you, but believe that it is our priority that all those who have the credit are able to take the exam this academic year. We will keep you informed about the situation. Sincerely, Jan Gojdaa !!! Notice !!! Teaching and examinations during the course of frontal study interruption (MH 10.3.). The remaining practices will be replaced by self-study. For this purpose, presentations from last topics (general laboratory examinations, basic clinical evaluation of findings on heart, lung and abdomen X-ray, ECG) will be uploaded to the vyuka portal in the near future. Each assistant, after consultation with his or her group, can provide an online consultation at the time of the last planned practice. Students will arrange these individually with their assistants. Credit (originally intended to be a patient examination and a medical record writing) will be replaced by a case report. The scope and assignment will be provided to students by their assistant in the near future. After granting the credit it is possible to apply for the exam, the dates will be scheduled from the second week of April. The examination will take place as planned and scheduled in SIS. Students will come to the secretariat of the 2nd dept. of Medicine, after checking all documents will be divided into individual clinics to the examiners. The practical part, which consists of demonstrating the skills of physical examination, will be carried out by students examining each other (originally students should demonstrate skills on patients). This is subject to their oral consent. In case of disagreement or other worthy consideration, it will be up to each examiner to verify the practical skills. Theoretical exam will be standard. Jan Gojda, 11.3.2020 Annotation: Internal propaedeutics is an introductory subject for further study into internal medicine. Within its framework students will acquire the basic knowledge and skills necessary for the examination of the patient. These include approach to the patient, taking of medical history, physical examination and basics of complementary examinations. The student will become familiar with the main symptoms and syndromes so that he / she is able to make a working diagnosis of the patient.
Aim of the course -
Last update: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D. (13.12.2019)

Learning outcomes of the course ICM-III is to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes needed for further study of internal medicine. These are mainly:

1. Correct and systematic taking of complete patient's medical history.

2. Physical examination of all body areas, organs and systems. To know physiological finding, its description and basic interpretation of pathological findings.

3. Introduction to basic complementary examination methods used in internal medicine and its sub-disciplines (laboratory examination, ecg, imaging, etc.). To know essential examinations, their indications and general interpretative results (eg. normal finding and basic underlying pathology that may be detected). Integral part is also a knowledge of patient preparation for instrumental examination, its basic indications and contraindications.

4. Acquisition of knowledge and skills for data analysis from medical history, physical examinations and complementary examinations - from symptom to syndrome, working and definitive diagnosis.

Literature -
Last update: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D. (30.09.2023)

Michal Anděl, Jan Gojda et al.: Propedeutics in Internal Medicine. Online 2023-2024

Ladislav Chrobák et al.: Physical examination in internal medicine. Grada, Praha, 2003, 240 p.

Lynn S Bickley et al.: Bates‘ guide to physical examination and history taking. 11th Edition, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadephia, USA, 2013, 967 s.

Teaching methods -
Last update: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D. (12.12.2019)
Teaching comprises of seminars and practicals in small groups at the clinical wards of faculty medicine departments. Teaching is both theoretical and practical. Theoretical one consists of acquiring the knowledge needed to examine patients. It is realized in the form of  interactive seminars and students' own theoretical work with patient data.
Practical training consists of training of skills, especially taking medical history, physical examination and interpretation of findings. It consists of independent examination of patients, demonstrations of pathological findings and use of simulation technologies.
Requirements to the exam -
Last update: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D. (30.09.2023)

The credit is given in the summer semestra after completion of the course. Criteria are: attendance at seminars and clinical internships, elaboration of a theoretical clinical case and demonstration of individual examination of the patient. The theoretical clinical case will be assigned to the students at the end of the winter block by their respective teachers, the students will elaborate it and present it during the summer internship block. Demonstration of the individual examination will take place during the summer semestra after consultation with the teacher.

After the credit os granted in the SIS the student is allowed to enrol for the exam.

The exam comprises of four circles. Three of them are theoretical (per one question from A, C, D) and one is a practical demonstration of skills (per two questions from B)

A.          Symptoms and syndromes

Note: This is one question focused on the patient's subjective complaints, their 1/ definition 2/ objective correlate (e.g. shortness of breath - tachypnea; vertigo - vestibular syndrome etc.), 3/ associated symptoms (e.g. shortness of breath - febrile cough; vertigo - nausea and vomiting etc.) and symptom interpretation (very basic differential diagnosis: shortness of breath - cardiac, pulmonary, anaemic syndrome etc.).

 

1.           Fever, chills

2.           Hypovolemia, dehydration, hypotension

3.           Hypervolemia, hypertension.

4.           Skin exanthema

5.           Unwanted weight loss, cachexia

6.           Disorders of consciousness

7.           Cramps, spasms

8.           Sleep disturbances and fatigue

9.           Cephalea

10.         Vertigo

11.         Syncope and collapse

12. Dyspnea

13. Chest pain

14. Palpitations

15. Edema

16. Lymph node enlargement/pain

17. Cough, hemoptysis, sputum and its changes.

18. Cyanosis.

19. Symptoms in oesophageal disease (odynophagia, dysphagia, rumination, pyrosis, singultus)

20.         Anorexia, nausea and vomitus

21. Abdominal pain, approach to the patient with abdominal pain.

22. Haematemesis, melena, enterorrhagia.

23. Icterus

24. Biliary colic.

25. Constipation.

26. Diarrhoea. 

27. Urinary frequency disorders, polyuria, oligo-anuria, polakisuria, nycturia and enuresis.

28. Dysuria, haematuria.

29. Renal colic.

30. Death, sudden death

 

 

B. Physical examination and history taking (2 questions for the exam)

Note: These are two questions that will be tested at the patient's bedside or on the simulator. These questions are not randomized but are assigned based on patient availability (willingness to be examined, etc.) or simulator availability. For each, the assessment is 1/ the approach to the patient (introduction, hand disinfection, etc.), 2/ the actual performance of the skill, 3/ the definition of a normal finding (how the student would record the finding in the documentation). Conversely, whether the student discovers a pathology is not assessed. If this is present, then the student is alerted to it in advance (e.g. patient has a heart murmur, examine the heart by listening and interpreting the finding - question 21)

 

1. Taking the history of current illness, exploration of subjective complaints, targeted questioning

2. Collection of personal, family, pharmacological, gynecological, additive, epidemiological, occupational and social history.

3. Examination of the state of consciousness

4. Assessment of vital signs. Definition of vital signs: Measurement of blood pressure and heart rate

5. Respiratory rate examination.

6.           Examination of posture and gait. Examination for suspected vestibular syndrome.

7.           Examination of the condition of the skin covering, examination of the scrotum and cutaneous adnexa. Presence of efflorescences and their basic semiology.

8.           Examination of the cranial nerves (n. trigeminus, oculomotorius, facialis, glossopharyngeus, hypoglossus)

9.           Examination of the eyes, mobility of the eyeballs, condition and reactivity of the pupils. Examination of the conjunctiva.

10.         Examination of lips, tongue, pharynx, tonsils, gums and teeth

11.         Motility of the cervical spine, signs of meningeal irritation.

12. Examination of the cervical nodes, arteries and veins.

13. Examination of the thyroid gland.

14. Examination of the chest by sight. Formation and development of the chest. Auxiliary lines on the chest.

15. Examination of the chest by palpation - fremitus pectoralis, palpation of the cardiac spike.

16. Tapping examination of the chest, systematic and topographical examination.

17. Listening examination of the lungs, systematic and topographical examination.

18. Examination of the type of breathing and collateral pulmonary phenomena.

19. Listening examination of the heart, basic listening sites, heart sounds

20. Additional sounds and murmurs when listening to the heart. Characteristics of murmurs. Pericardial friction murmur.

21. Examination of the breast, examination of the axillary nodes, resistance in the mammary gland.

22. Inspection of the abdomen, pathology of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, respiratory articulations of the abdominal wall, abdominal distension.

23. Examination of suspected hernias and their typical localizations.

24. Superficial palpation, condition of the abdominal wall, defense musculaire.

25. Deep abdominal palpation, characteristics of abdominal masses.

26. Abdominal auscultation, normal and basic pathological findings.

27. Abdominal tapping, normal and basic pathological findings.

28. Examination of signs of peritoneal irritation.

29. Gallbladder examination

30.         Examination of the liver: looking, tapping, palpation, listening. Normal liver size

31.         Ascites. examination and its interpretation

32.         Examination of the spleen

33.         Bimanual palpation of the kidney and tapotement.

34.         Rectal tap: Approach to the patient, positioning. Inspection of the anus. Technique of indagation

35.         Rectal tap: Basic pathology, resistance within reach, prostate enlargement, tenderness and bowing of the Douglas space.

36.         Examination of skin condition, trophic changes, adnexal pathology, signs of chronic venous insufficiency.

37.         Examination when oedema is suspected.

38.         Examination of arteries, palpation, auscultation

39.         Examination of the venous system, signs of chronic venous insufficiency, varicose complex, signs of deep vein thrombosis

40.         Examination of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes

41.         Examination of joints, palpation, range of motion, passive and active mobility; examination of muscle strength

42.         Spinal examination

43.         Examination of meningeal irritation symptoms

44.         Examination of the body of the deceased

 

 

 

C.           Basics of complementary examinations and instrumental procedures

Note: This is a question that is structured as follows: 1/ definition, 2/ basic indications (e.g. peripheral vein cannulation - need for IV treatment, 3/ basic performance (access to the patient, approaches - e.g. antecubital veins, tourniquet, IV cannula with introducer, verification of correct position by aspiration, checking for paravasation)

 

1. Peripheral venous cannulation and blood sampling

2. Central venous cannulation

3. Arterial cannulation and puncture

4. Urinary catheter insertion

5. Nasogastric probe insertion and gastric lavage

6. Oxygen therapy

7. Indication, preparation of the patient and electrocardiogram

8. ECG: description of the physiological curve

9. ECG: cardiac rhythm disturbances

10. ECG: waveform abnormalities

11. Indication, preparation and performance of abdominal ultrasound

12. Indication, preparation and performance of echocardiography

13. Astrup blood gas examination, indications

14. Biochemical blood examination

15. Urinary sediment examination and biochemical urinalysis

16. Stool examination

17. laboratory indicators of inflammation

18. Laboratory indicators of myocardial lesions

19. laboratory indicators of hepatic lesion

20. Laboratory indicators of renal impairment

21 Blood count and coagulation.

22. Basic microbiological examination, culture and sensitivity in antibiogram.

23. Haemoculture

24. Chest X-ray, basics of examination.

25. X-ray of the abdomen, basics of examination.

26. Endoscopy of upper GIT, basic indications, and patient preparation.

27. Endoscopy of the lower GIT, basic indications, and patient preparation.

28. Bronchoscopy, basic indications, patient preparation

29. Spirometry and spiroergometry, basic indications

30. Functional examination in endocrinology and diabetes: OGTT

 

D.          Symptoms of selected serious conditions.

Note: This is a complex question that mainly targets the basic theory needed to identify the underlying pathologies based on history and physical examination. On the other hand, it is not the aim that the student knows the etiopathogenesis of each disease. 1/ basic definitions, 2/ subjective symptoms, 3/ objective symptoms, 4/ suggest further investigations, 5/ identify potentially life-threatening conditions and know the basic approach (ABCDE).

 

1.           General symptoms of cancer.

2.           General symptoms of acute bacterial inflammation

3.           Meningeal irritation syndrome

4.           Life-threatening conditions associated with severe headache

5.           Basic symptoms of shock, skin changes

6.           Basic symptoms of sepsis and septic shock

7.           Basic symptoms of allergic reaction and anaphylactic shock

8.           Basic symptoms of obesity and malnutrition

9.           Basic symptoms of acute coronary artery occlusion

10.         Basic symptoms of acute limb arterial occlusion

11.         Basic symptoms of acute closure of the abdominal arteries

12.         Basic symptoms of acute occlusion of the cerebral arteries

13.         Basic symptoms of right-sided heart failure

14.         Basic symptoms of left-sided heart failure

15.         Basic signs and symptoms of pulmonary oedema

16.         Basic symptoms of aortic valve defects

17.         Basic symptoms of mitral valve defects

18.         Basic symptoms of coarctation and dissection of the aorta

19.         Basic symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

20.         Basic symptoms of pulmonary embolism

21.         Basic symptoms accompanying thrombophlebitis

22.         Basic symptoms accompanying lymphadenitis and lymphangitis

23.         Basic symptoms of thoracic effusion

24.         Basic symptoms of pneumothorax

25.         Basic symptoms of airway inflammation and pneumonia

26.         Basic symptoms of bronchial obstruction

27.         Basic symptoms of an asthma attack

28.         Basic symptoms of pulmonary infarction and atelectasis

29.         Basic symptoms of pulmonary emphysema

30.         Basic symptoms of interstitial lung disease (interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis)

31.         Basic symptoms of urinary tract inflammation (haematuria, dysuria, pyuria)

32.         Basic symptoms accompanying pyelonephritis

33.         Basic symptoms of renal failure/uraemia

34.         Typical renal colic and its radiation

35.         Basic symptoms accompanying liver failure

36.         Symptoms of upper GIT bleeding

37.         Symptoms of lower GIT bleeding

38.         Anemic syndrome

39.         Typical biliary colic and its radiation

40.         Localized and generalized symptoms of peritoneal irritation

41.         Ileus

42.         Basic symptoms in portal hypertension

43.         Symptoms of inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint affection.

44.         Basic symptoms in thyrotoxicosis

45.         Basic symptoms in hypothyroidism

46.         Basic symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

47.         Basic symptoms of acromegaly

48.         Signs of death

Syllabus -
Last update: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D. (12.12.2019)

Teaching comprises of mandatory seminars and clinical training.

Seminars.  Eight seminars covering propaedeutic of internal medicine and its basic subspecialties will take place. Attendance, which is mandatory, will be registered by teachers in attendance sheets that will be distributed to students during the first seminar.

Propedeutics in cardiology. Medical history and examination in cardiovascular diseases

Ecg, principles, normal curve, basic pathological changes

Propaedeutics in gastroenterology. History and examination in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Propedeutics in pneumology. History and examination in respiratory diseases

Propedeutics in Nephrology. History and examination in diseases of uropoietic apparatus

Propaedeutics in rheumatology. History and examination in rheumatological diseases

Propedeutics in Endocrinology and Diabetology. History and examination in diseases of endocrine glands

Propedeutics in hematology. History and examination in diseases of hematopoietic apparatus

Clinical training will take place at clinical wards of the Medicine departments. Students will be distributed to particular wards and teachers during first day of clinical classes. The aim of clinical classes is to learn and practice history taking and physical examination of patients. Second aim will be also to learn basics of laboratory, imaging and other methods used in internal medicine with the stress on their principles, basic indications and contraindications, basal findings and preparation of patients. Attendance will be registered by teachers (stamp and signature) in attendance sheets that will be distributed to students during the first class.

Introduction to propedeutics, documentation, patient access, communication with patients and professionals, clinical cases reporting

Anamnesis

Basics of physical examination, examination of general condition and vital functions

Examination of head and neck

Examination of the chest and breast, including the heart and lungs

Examination of the abdomen, including per rectum and examination of the kidneys

Examination of limbs, vascular system, spine

Symptoms and syndromes in diseases of the cardiovascular apparatus

Symptoms and syndromes in diseases of the respiratory system

Symptoms and syndromes in diseases of digestive and uropoietic tract

Symptoms and syndromes in diseases of endocrine glands

Entry requirements -
Last update: doc. MUDr. Jan Gojda, Ph.D. (12.12.2019)

Basic requirement is the registration for 3rd year.

Essential condition for clinical training is having of white coat, stethoscope, ID batch, overshoes and vaccination against hepatitis B.

Students are requested not to attend clinical training when having signs and symptoms of respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Substitute practice is possible based on deal with a teacher.

 

 
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