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Course, academic year 2025/2026
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History of alchemy and chemistry - MC260P41C
Title: Dějiny alchymie a chemie
Czech title: Dějiny alchymie a chemie
Guaranteed by: Department of Analytical Chemistry (31-230)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2024
Semester: winter
E-Credits: 2
Examination process: winter s.:
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:2/0, C [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Is provided by: MC260P41K
Additional information: http://www.natur.cuni.cz/chemie/fyzchem
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: doc. RNDr. Karel Nesměrák, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): doc. RNDr. Karel Nesměrák, Ph.D.
Incompatibility : MC260P41K
Is incompatible with: MC260P41K
Annotation -
History of Alchemy and Chemistry

Ancient crafts with chemical and/or metallurgical basis. Development of alchemy from ancient times in China, India, and Hellenistic world. Alchemy in Arabic world follows and various aspects of alchemy in Latin Europe. Simultaneously development of crafts is compared with alchemical approaches.
Last update: ZUSKOVA (27.01.2003)
Literature - Czech

Karpenko, V.: Alchymie: Nauka mezi snem a skutečností. Praha, Academia 2007.

Karpenko, V.: Alchymie: Svět pohádek a legend. Praha, Academia 2008.

Priesner, C.; Figala, K. (eds.): Lexikon alchymie a hermetických věd. Praha, Vyšehrad 2006.

Vágner, P.: Theatrum chemicum. Praha, Paseka 1995.

Eliade, M.: Kováři a alchymisté. Praha, Argo 2000.

Leicester, H.M.: The Historical Background of Chemistry. New York 1971.

Partington, J. R.: A History of Chemistry, Vol. 1–4. London, McMillan 1969.

Holmyard, E. J.: Alchemy. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth 1957, 1968.

Last update: Nesměrák Karel, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (21.09.2025)
Requirements to the exam - Czech

Zakončení kursu je písemné, formou eseje. Téma eseje si může student zvolit sám nebo o něj požádat přednášejícího. V prvním případě je nutné téma před zahájením psaní eseje konzultovat s přednášejícím (postačí e-mailem). Je třeba, aby téma eseje bylo skutečně chemické, tedy v textu nesmí převažovat životopisné údaje či zcela obecné dějiny. Časově se musí týkat problematiky do konce 19. století.

Vlastní text eseje se píše na stránku formátu A4, s uvedením názvu eseje, jména autora. Dbejte prosím i na formální stránku textu. Esej pro získání zkoušky musí být alespoň na 4 normostran (tj. alespoň 7 100 znaků včetně mezer, ale bez zahrnutí literatury). Součástí eseje musí být seznam použité literatury; minimum jsou 4 citace, ať již na odborné knihy nebo na články v impaktovaných časopisech (pozor na různé pseudovědecké publikace). Odkazy na webové stránky je možné používat jen zcela výjimečně a nezapočítávají se mezi požadované minimum citací. V případě podezření na zneužití umělé inteligence si přednášející vyhrazuje právo před udělením klasifikace vyžádat si u studenta ústní konzultaci.

Esej se odevzdává elektronicky prostřednictvím systému Turnitin, ClassID 50271317, Enrollment key MC260P41, nejpozději do 31. srpna 2026.

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Last update: Nesměrák Karel, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (21.09.2025)
Syllabus -

• The significance of history, interpretation of historical sources. Definition of alchemy/chemistry.

• Crafts in ancient times: beer and wine, salt, ceramics, porcelain, glass, pyrotechnology (metals).

    Ancient China. Taoism and Confucianism. The five elements, the concept of yin and yang. The Luo Shu magic square, the eight trigrams. The Book of Changes. An overview of the history of Chinese alchemy. Ke Chung's encyclopedia. Proto-chemistry. Late Chinese esotericism. The discovery of black gunpowder.

    Ancient and medieval India. Basic concepts of Indian alchemy; attempts to classify substances. Tantrism. Mercury as a key metal. The practical side of Indian alchemy, instructions.

    The Hellenistic world. Greek natural philosophy, Aristotle, the four elements. Plato.

    Ancient Egyptian craftsmanship, Leiden X and Stockholm papyri. Views on the origins of alchemy. Pseudo-Democritus. Gnosis and alchemy, the symbolism of the harvest. Some Hellenistic alchemists: Marie the Jewess, Zosimos of Panopolis. Laboratory instruments. Classification of substances. The symbolism of colors. Planets and metals.

    Arabic alchemy. An-Nadim's catalog. Jabir, his school, the theory of mercury and sulfur. Numerical mysticism in Arabic alchemy and philosophy. Ar-Razi's system of substances. The Emerald Tablet. Ibn Sina. Treatises of the Brethren of Purity, views on the origin of metals. Late Arabic authors.

• Europe. Crafts in the Middle Ages: Theophilus, Mappae clavicula. History of the discovery of alcohol. The beginnings of alchemy in Latin Europe, translators, compilers. Albert the Great. The peak of alchemy: Arnald of Villanova, Ramón Lull, and Pseudo-Lull. Pseudo-Geber, discoveries of mineral acids. Alchemy and the Church; papal bull against alchemists.

• European Renaissance. General features, development of astronomy and medicine, M. Copernicus, A. Vesalius. Mining and metallurgy: G. Agricola, L. Ercker, V. Biringuccio. The heyday of alchemy in the Renaissance. Paracelsus, the theory of tria prima, iatrochemistry; homunculus, Jewish Kabbalah. Mysticism: Agrippa of Nettesheim; magic squares.

          Alchemy in Bohemia. Jan Těšínský, Jan of Láz, Hynek of Poděbrady. The Rudolfine period, Bavor younger Rodovský, E. Kelley, J. Dee and their works. M. Sendivoj, the problem of the discovery of oxygen. Mystics of the 17th century: M. Maier and D. Stolcius; symbolism of Renaissance alchemy.

    R. Boyle and I. Newton as alchemists. The discovery of phosphorus. J. Becher and the roots of the phlogiston theory. Summary of European alchemy. Chemical and metallurgical methods of alleged metal transmutation. Reflection of chemical reactions in metal systems. History of the reaction between iron and copper cations in solution and its influence on alchemy.

• Transition between alchemy and chemistry. Pneumatic chemistry, van Helmont. A.-L. Lavoisier, life and work. Summary of the development of nomenclature and symbolism in alchemy and chemistry. First discoveries of elements.

Last update: Nesměrák Karel, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (21.09.2025)
Learning outcomes -

Completing the course, students will:

  • Understand how theoretical views on matter and its transformations have changed over time.
  • Know the proto-chemical and ancient methods of producing key chemical products such as ceramics, glass, metals, and others.
  • Have an overview of important figures in alchemy and early chemistry (chymistry).
  • Understand the contribution of alchemy to modern chemistry.
  • Learn about the history of the chemical revolution in the 18th century and how chemistry became a modern science.
  • Understand the development of chemistry in the Czech lands in the context of global history.
Last update: Nesměrák Karel, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (21.09.2025)
 
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