SubjectsSubjects(version: 978)
Course, academic year 2025/2026
   
Genome evolution - MB162P25
Title: Evoluce genomu
Czech title: Evoluce genomu
Guaranteed by: Department of Ecology (31-162)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2025
Semester: summer
E-Credits: 3
Examination process: summer s.:oral
Hours per week, examination: summer s.:2/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: prof. Mgr. Lukáš Kratochvíl, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): RNDr. Martina Johnson Pokorná, Ph.D.
Annotation -
Evolutionary Genomics is a rapidly developing field of biological research whose importance has increased substantially in recent decades, particularly due to the growing accessibility of whole-genome sequencing. The field aims to address fundamental evolutionary questions such as: How and why does genome size change over evolutionary time? Do organisms differ in the amount of coding DNA, and if so, what are the causes of these differences? Which genomic changes are associated with major evolutionary events? How do organisms differ in the structure and organization of their genomes?
Evolutionary genomics seeks to understand how changes in genome content, structure, and organization are related to the diversity of life on Earth and which evolutionary processes have shaped these changes. The course Genome Evolution, offered as a standalone university subject, summarizes key aspects of genome research, genome evolution, and comparative genomic analyses across organisms.
The lecture series guides students through the field from fundamental principles of genome evolution, through comparative genomics and specific genomic features (such as sex chromosomes), to the practical applications of genomic research in human society, including current trends and ethical considerations.
The course is intended primarily for master’s-level students. Prior knowledge of genetics and evolutionary biology (e.g. Introduction to Evolutionary Biology, Genetics) is recommended. For a deeper understanding of the field, students are encouraged to take related courses concurrently or subsequently, such as Evolutionary Genetics, Evolution of the Phenotype, Human Evolutionary Genetics, or Molecular Ecology.
Last update: Johnson Pokorná Martina, RNDr., Ph.D. (31.01.2026)
Course completion requirements -

oral exam

Last update: Sacherová Veronika, RNDr., Ph.D. (07.05.2014)
Literature -

The listed textbooks and resources provide useful background and complementary perspectives on the topics covered in the course and may support a deeper understanding of genome evolution and genomics. However, they are not required for successful completion of the course. Students are not expected to own or read these materials in full, and all essential concepts will be introduced and discussed during the lectures.

Arthur M. Lesk: Introduction to Genomics (Oxford University Press)
G. Gibson & S. V. Muse: A Primer of Genome Science (Sinauer Associates)
E. Kejnovský & R. Hobza: Evoluční genomika (http://www.evolucnigenomika.cz/index.html)

Last update: Johnson Pokorná Martina, RNDr., Ph.D. (31.01.2026)
Requirements to the exam -

Oral examination - online discussion.

Last update: Johnson Pokorná Martina, RNDr., Ph.D. (31.01.2026)
Syllabus -
  1. Origin of the genome: First living systems; coevolution of nucleic acids and proteins; the RNA world; the genetic code.
  2. Gene evolution: Definition of a gene; types of genes; basic gene structure; exons and introns; gene families; pseudogenes; gene counts in genomes; non-coding DNA; origin of new genes; horizontal gene transfer.
  3. Genome, transcriptome, and proteome: Early genomes – linear or circular; genome types – prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes (mitochondria, chloroplasts); genome sizes and their changes during evolution; repetitive sequences; transcriptome and proteome – genome expression.
  4. Methods for studying genomes: Sequencing technologies (DNA and RNA sequencing); bioinformatics; genetic and physical maps; molecular cytogenetics; machine learning, AI models.
  5. Evolution of genome organization: Genome compartmentalization; anatomy of the eukaryotic genome – chromosomes; chromosome numbers; rearrangements in genome organization; polyploidization; phylogenetic relationships.
  6. Comparative genomics: Types of data that can be obtained from genome comparisons; synteny; evolutionary principles.
  7. Genome dynamics: Repeats; mobile genetic elements; retroelements; DNA transposons; origin and evolution of mobile elements; propagation of mobile elements; role of transposons in genome rearrangements; transposon silencing.
  8. Special features of specific genomic regions: Evolution of sexuality; mechanisms of sex determination (environmental, genotypic); sex chromosomes and their evolution; mitochondrial genome, chloroplasts, B chromosomes.
  9. Environmental influence and genome evolution: Effects of the environment on gene expression; epigenetics; relationship between genomic changes and environmental changes; global environmental changes; relationship between genome and phenotypic traits.
  10. Evolution of the human genome: Human genome sequencing; organization of the human genome (proportion of exons, introns, repetitive sequences); human evolution; recent selection detectable in the human genome; applications of human genome knowledge (e.g., in medicine).
  11. Modern trends and ethical issues: Identification of genetic changes responsible for adaptive traits; GMOs; new approaches in medicine; pharmacogenomics; immunogenomics; metagenomics; phylogenomics; epigenomics; societal impact of genomic research and ethical considerations
Last update: Johnson Pokorná Martina, RNDr., Ph.D. (31.01.2026)
Learning outcomes -

Upon successful completion of the course Genome Evolution, students will have gained a comprehensive understanding of the principles governing genome structure, function, and evolution across living systems. Students will be able to explain the origin of the first living systems and describe the evolutionary processes shaping genes, genomes, and genome organization, including changes in genome size, architecture, and dynamics over evolutionary time.

Students will demonstrate knowledge of different genome types and an understanding of the roles of repetitive elements, epigenetic mechanisms, and structural variation in genome evolution. They will be able to critically evaluate modern genomic methods and approaches, understand their applications and limitations, and interpret genomic data in an evolutionary context. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution of the human genome, the Human Genome Project, and current trends in genomics, including genome editing, personalized medicine, and their broader societal and ethical implications.

In addition to subject-specific knowledge, students will develop key analytical and transferable skills. They will be able to independently or collaboratively search for, analyse, synthesize, and critically assess scientific literature and genomic data. Students will learn to formulate relevant scientific questions, discuss complex genomic concepts, and communicate their findings clearly to peers.

Overall, the course aims to foster an appreciation of the complexity, plasticity, and dynamic nature of genomes, while motivating students to think critically, explore topics beyond the scope of the lectures, and engage actively in scientific discussion and lifelong learning in genomics and evolutionary biology.

Last update: Johnson Pokorná Martina, RNDr., Ph.D. (31.01.2026)
 
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