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Plant Genetics - MB140P02
Title: Genetika rostlin
Czech title: Genetika rostlin
Guaranteed by: Department of Genetics and Microbiology (31-140)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2025
Semester: winter
E-Credits: 5
Examination process: winter s.:oral
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:3/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: 5
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Level: specialized
Explanation: Přednáška se koná turnusovou formou na konci zimního semestru. Místo i čas konání budou upřesněny po dohodě se zapsanými studenty.
Note: enabled for web enrollment
the course is taught as cyclical
Guarantor: doc. RNDr. Dana Holá, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): doc. RNDr. Dana Holá, Ph.D.
RNDr. Hana Marková, Ph.D.
RNDr. Olga Rothová, Ph.D.
Annotation -
The purpose of the lecture is to provide students with specific characteristics of plant genome. Current information on the size, organization, structure, sequence types (coding vs non-coding, unique vs repetitive) and amplification of plant nuclear genome are presented. Students are also given a detailed review on plant mitochondrial and plastid genome (size, structure, organization, information content, regulation of gene expression). The genetics of plant reproduction and development is also included.
Last update: Holá Dana, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (25.08.2013)
Literature -

The presentations from the lectures can be obtained by the students personally from the lecturers.

For further study, the following journals are recommended: Trends in Plant Science, Annual Reviews of Plant Biology, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, New Phytologist.

Further recommended literature:

Buchanan B.B., Gruissem W., Jones R.L.: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants

Jain H.K., Kharkwal M.C.: Plant Breeding. Mendelian to Molecular Approaches

Last update: Holá Dana, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (23.10.2019)
Requirements to the exam -

The exam is combined (student´s presentation of assigned topic followed by the written exam during which students have to write answers to selected questions + if necessary, further verbal examination). Students should focus particularly on good understanding of main principles and possible relationships among the topics that are included in the lectures.

Last update: Holá Dana, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (23.10.2019)
Syllabus -

The lectures are given in Czech language only.

1. Plant Nuclear Genome - Size and Organisation

Basic characteristics of plant nuclear genome. Genome size and its various expressions. C-value and what is it dependent on. Changes in genome size during evolution. Chromosomal organisation of genome. Inter- and intraspecific variability in chromosome numbers. B-chromosomes. Genome organisation, syntenny and colinearity and mechanisms of their disturbance. Gene families, uniqua and species-specific genes.

2. Plant Nuclear Genome - Physical Structure

Basic characteristics of plant chromatin. Histons and HMG proteins, their variants, histone chaperones, nucleosome assembly. Covalent modifications of histones, pc-G proteins. DNA methylation/demethylation, MBD proteins. Role of small regulatory RNAs in chromatin structure, RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM). Interaction of various proteins with histones and DNA. Chromatin changes during cell cycle, chromatin replication. Interphasic chromatin, chromosome territories, main chromosomal structures.

3. Plant Nuclear Genome - Information Content

Main components of plant nuclear genome - coding and non-coding DNA. Gens coding for proteins - number, basic characteristics, functional categories. rRNA and tRNA genes. Small housekeeping RNA genes, snRNA and snoRNA genes. Small regulatory RNA genes - miRNA, nat-miRNA, siRNA, ra-siRNA, nat-siRNA, ta-siRNA, lsi RNA and others. Formation, function and quantity regulation of small and long regulatory RNAs in plants.

4. Plant Nuclear Genome - Repetitive Sequences

Types and classification of repetitive sequences in plant nuclear DNA. Satellites, minisatellites and microsatellites. Centromeric and pericentromeric sequences and centromere structure and function. Telomeric and subtelomeric sequences and telomere structure and function. Transposable elements - types, basic characteristics, structure, mechanisms of transposition, impact on genome organization and gene expression in plants.

5. Plant Plastid Genome

Size, structure, information content and specific characteristics of gene expression. Interaction between nuclear and plastid genetic systems. Endosymbiotic theory, plastids in other groups of organisms. Similarities and differences among plastid genomes of higher plants and other organisms. Nucleomorf - structure and information content.

6. Plant Mitochondrial Genome

Size, structure, information content and specific characteristics of gene expression. Interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial genetic systems. Similarities and differences among mitochondrial genomes of higher plants and other organisms.

7. Amplification of Plant Nuclear Genome

Haploidy and polyploidy. Main characteristics of autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, euploidy and aneuploidy, and various examples in higher plants. Cytological effects. Influence of haploidy and polyploidy on plant fertility, their use in plant breeding and research.

8. Interspecific Hybridization in Plants

Characterization of interspecific hybrids and their use in agronomy. Practical implications of interspecific hybridization for evolution of crop plants. Barriers of interspecific hybridization. Cytogenetics of interspecific hybrids and its association with their fertility.

9. Genetics of Plant Reproduction

Plant sex chromosomes. Genetic mechanisms associated with induction of flowering. Genetic and molecular analysis of flower development. Female and male gametophyte and sporophyte development. Genetics of pollen germination and fertilization, gametophytic and sporophytic self-incompatibility. Genetics of seed formation, embryo maturation and endosperm development. Expression of genes for storage proteins.

Last update: Holá Dana, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (04.09.2023)
Learning outcomes -

After successful completion of the course, the student:

  • defines and characterizes the specific features of the plant genome and compares them with the genomes of other groups of organisms;
  • describes and interprets variability in chromosome number and plant genome size at both interspecific and intraspecific levels, and explains the evolutionary processes leading to genome expansion or reduction;
  • explains and evaluates the significance of whole-genome duplications, other types of duplications, and transposable elements for the evolution, structure, and function of the plant genome;
  • describes and analyzes the organization of the plant nuclear genome in the interphase nucleus, identifies relationships between the 3D chromatin structure and gene expression regulation, and interprets chromatin dynamics within the cell nucleus;
  • characterizes, distinguishes, and explains the major structural and regulatory protein components of plant chromatin and assesses their roles in genome organization and the cell cycle;
  • explains the mechanisms and functional consequences of post-translational histone modifications and DNA methylation, and analyzes their importance in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in plants;
  • describes and categorizes the informational content of the plant nuclear genome;
  • distinguishes and interprets individual types of regulatory small, long, and circular RNAs in plants, explains their biogenesis and functions, and provides examples of their involvement in the regulation of gene expression;
  • classifies and evaluates transposable elements and other repetitive sequences of the plant genome and analyzes their effects on genome structure, stability, and gene expression;
  • describes and explains the genetic basis of plant reproduction, including the role of sex chromosomes, regulation of flowering, development of floral organs, fertilization, and self-incompatibility;
  • analyzes the genetic and cytological consequences of haploidy, polyploidy, aneuploidy, and the presence of B chromosomes, and evaluates their significance for evolution and plant breeding practice;
  • explains the principles and limitations of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization in plants and assesses their roles in the evolution of crop plants and in applied research;
  • describes and compares the structure, organization, and gene expression of plant plastid and mitochondrial genomes and identifies relationships between nuclear and organellar genetic systems;
  • evaluates the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of plastids and mitochondria and interprets the consequences of genetic information transfer among genomic compartments of the cell.
Last update: Holá Dana, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (15.12.2025)
 
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