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Pathology is a linking-up discipline between biomedical subjects and pharmacology. Pathology concentrates on the study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs which form the basic of #diseases#. There are four main aspects of pathological processes that make up the structure of pathology. The cause of disease, mechanism of its development, structural alterations, and functional consequences of morphological changes. The study of pathology is divided into general and special system pathology.
Last update: Nachtigal Petr, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (17.02.2025)
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Credit: Regular attendees:
ATTENDANCE:
TESTS:
(3 attempts, number of announced dates 4)
(3 attempts, number of dates 4)
Repeat students:
Examination: Examination will be in the form of an oral examination Only students who have taken Morphology/Physiology/Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology are eligible to take the exam Registration for the exam is only through the Student Information System (SIS) Students choose 2 questions at random and are then tested orally The lecturer has the possibility to ask additional questions from other topics than the ones chosen by the student by random selection (this is a form of checking the student's readiness within the whole scope of the course replacing the examination test). The student answers the questions independently (the exam should not take more than 30 minutes) Questions chosen at random by the student and questions asked by the teacher are equivalent. A prerequisite for successful completion of the examination is the demonstration of basic knowledge of the subjects to which pathological physiology is logically related Physiology, morphology/anatomy Immunology n Histology Last update: Nachtigal Petr, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (06.03.2025)
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Povinná:
Last update: Nachtigal Petr, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (17.02.2025)
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Pathophysiology of necrosis (types) and apoptosis (mechanism), differences between necrosis and apoptosis Disorders of hormone action at the receptor level, distribution and examples Pathophysiology of fever and its effect on body functions, hyperthermia and hypothermia, sepsis Etiopathogenesis of cancer, clinical classification and examples Histopathological classification of tumours, paraneoplastic phenomena and examples Explanation and examples of the terms hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, thrombosis, embolism, hyperemia and metastasis (pathogenesis and consequences for the organism) Pathophysiology of the inflammatory response, mediators of inflammation and their influence on the functions of the organism, pathophysiological classification of inflammation (examples from each group) Pathophysiology of oedema and examples of its occurrence in various diseases Classification, pathogenesis and consequences of shock states; syncope Pathophysiology of the stress response, diseases resulting from chronic stress and their pathophysiological causes, overview of autoimmune diseases (theory of origin) Definition, classification and pathogenesis of pain Pathological forms of respiration, pathophysiology of defensive respiratory reflexes, pleural pathology, pathophysiological aspects of respiratory system pathology symptoms Obstructive lung diseases (bronchial asthma, emphysema, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis and COPD) Restrictive lung diseases (ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis, TB, pulmonary oedema) Bronchogenic lung cancer, inflammatory lung diseases, pneumoconiosis Causes, pathophysiology and consequences of atherosclerosis Disorders of lipid metabolism (hyperlipoproteinemia, dyslipoproteinemia), examples and clinical implications Causes and pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction), pathophysiological aspects of cardiovascular symptoms Causes, pathology distribution and consequences of arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension (cor pulmonale) Classification, causes and consequences of disorders of the cardiac conduction system Classification, pathophysiology and consequences of acquired valvular heart defects Etiopathogenesis and consequences of cardiac insufficiency (forward and backward failure) Diabetes mellitus, causes, types, overview of acute and chronic consequences of diabetes Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, examples and consequences) Causes, pathophysiology and clinical implications of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome Glomerulopathies with nephrotic and nephritic presentation (etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, examples and implications), differences between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome Acute and chronic renal failure (causes, pathophysiology, differences and consequences) Acid-base balance disorders, distribution and effects on body functions Gastric and intestinal dyspepsia (classification and examples), pathophysiological aspects of gastrointestinal symptoms Diseases of the oesophagus and stomach (hiatal hernia, achalasia, oesophagitis, gastritis, ulcer disease, carcinoma) Inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the small intestine and colon (acute enteritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, haemorrhoids) Diseases of the gallbladder, pancreas (acute and chronic pancreatitis) and peritoneum (peritonitis) Icterus, ascites, portal hypertension (causes, manifestations and pathophysiological aspects) Liver diseases (insufficiency, encephalopathy, cirrhosis, steatosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis) Manifestations of vitamin deficiency (vitamins A, D, E, K, group B, C) Manifestations of deficiency of essential minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, selenium) Pathophysiology and consequences of nutritional and metabolic disorders (anorexia, malnutrition, bulimia, obesity) Pathogenesis and examples of endocrine disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland Etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of endocrine disorders of the thyroid and parathyroid glands (hypo and hyperfunction, goiter) Etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of adrenal disorders I (Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and syndrome) Etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of adrenal disorders II (hypoaldosteronism, secondary and tertiary hypofunction of the adrenal cortex, primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism) Neurological diseases of the CNS (pathophysiology of epilepsy, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases) Demyelinating and autoimmune CNS diseases (Sclerosis multiplex, encephalomyelitis, myasthenia gravis). Neuroinfections - bacterial, viral and prion affections of the nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis, rabies, polyomyelitis). Memory disorders (amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and other memory disorders); Schizophrenia, autism (aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations). Etiopathogenesis of affective disorders (depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, ADHD). Quantitative and qualitative disorders of consciousness, sleep disorders Classification and causes of anaemia I (compensatory mechanisms of the organism as a consequence to tissue hypoxia and pathophysiological aspects of anaemia symptoms, sideropenic and megaloblastic anaemia) Classification and causes of anaemias II (anaemia from increased losses), polycythaemia Disorders of haemocoagulation (bleeding disorders, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thromboembolic diseases), disorders of primary haemostasis (platelet disorders, vasculopathies) White blood cell diseases (haematopoietic stem cell diseases, reactive white blood cell changes, leukaemia, malignant lymphoproliferative diseases, paraproteinaemia, myelofibrosis) Diseases of the male reproductive system (prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, infertility) Menstrual cycle disorders (amenorrhea, metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, poly-, oligo-, hyper-, hypomenorrhea, PMS, dysmenorrhea) Breast and cervical cancer, vulvovaginitis (etiopathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations) Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joints and spine - progressive polyarthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylarthritis, spondylarthrosis, extra-articular rheumatism; myopathy, gout)
Note: a prerequisite for successful completion of the examination is the demonstration of basic knowledge of the subjects to which pathological physiology is logically related (physiology, morphology, immunology, microbiology), e.g. In the case of cardiac conduction disorders, the role of ion channels in the genesis of the action potential, in the case of inflammatory diseases the main infectious agents that cause them, in the case of pain the pain pathway, in the case of endocrinopathies the mechanisms of action of hormones, knowledge of the physiological role of vitamins and minerals, knowledge of the physiological ranges of body parameters (blood pressure, etc.) and biochemical parameters (lipoprotein levels, etc.), etc. Last update: Nachtigal Petr, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (06.03.2025)
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Předmět: Patologická fyziologie pro Farmaceuty navazuje na znalosti a dovednosti získané v předmětech: Obecná biologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie a zejména Morfologie a Fyziologie člověka. Studující po absolvování předmětu znají základní patologickou a medicínskou terminologii a jsou schopni na základě této terminologie porozumět patofyziologii vybraných patologických stavů. Výsledky učení: Studující na základě získaných znalostí a dovedností: Ø definují vybrané patologické termíny popisující patologické stavy jako nekróza, apoptóza, atrofie, dystrofie, hypertrofie, hyperplazie, zánět, edém Ø znají vybrané fyziologické a patologické hodnoty krevních parametrů (např. glykemie, cholesterolemie, pH) Ø jsou schopni využít základy fyziologie a morfologie, pro pochopení patofyziologických procesů z vybraných onemocnění kardiovaskulárního, respiračního, trávicího, vylučovacího, endokrinního, nervového a reprodukčního systému, krve a psychiatrických stavů Ø orientují se a vysvětlí etiopatogenezi, patofyziologii a klinické symptomy vybraných onemocněních: o kardiovaskulárního systému jako ateroskleróza ICHS, arteriální hypertenze, metabolický syndrom, arytmie, sehnáni srdce a šokové stavy o respiračního systému jako ARDS, CHOPN, plicní edém, karcinom plic o reprodukčního systému jako poruchy menstruace, karcinomy prsu, děložního čípku a prostaty o psychiatrických a neurologických onemocněních jako úzkostné poruchy, bipolární choroba, Alzheimerovy choroby, Hungtintonovy nemoci, Parkinsonovy nemoci a epilepsie o trávicího systému a metabolismu jako malnutrice, obezity, diabetes mellitus, ikterus, jaterní fibróza, pankreatitida, vředová choroba, Idiopatické střevní záněty, kolorektální karcinom o vylučovacího systému a poruch pH jako nefritický a nefrotický syndrom, selhání ledvin, glomerulonefritidy, acidózy a alkalózy o endokrinního systému jako Addisonova choroba, Cushingův syndrom, Graves-Basedowova choroba, Hashimotova struma, poruchy hypotalamo-hypofýzarního systému
Last update: Nachtigal Petr, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (06.03.2025)
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