Physical Principles of dosage forms
Teachers: Dr. Georgios Paraskevopoulos Ph.D., PharmDr. Eva Šnejdrová, Dr. Monika Smékalová, PhD
School year 2022/2023, 3rd year, lecutres: 2/0 =28/0, Exam, 2 credits
Lecture topics
1. Introduction into Physical Pharmacy
Definitions
History
Physical principles affecting pharmaceutical preparations
Physical principles affecting bioavailability of drugs, bioavailability significance
Specific technological processes influencing bioavailability
Interactions between pharmaceutical preparations and organism
2. Solid state
Properties of solid state
Crystallography, crystal properties, polymorphism, crystal hydrates, liquid crystals
State shifts
Real density
Solid state characterization methods (RTG diffraction, DSC, TGA)
3. Surface properties of solid state
Specific surface
Porosity (porosimetry, permeametry, pycnometry)
Adsorption, factors influencing adsorption, adsorption based pharmaceutical systems
Physical adsorption
Chemical adsorption
Adsorption isotherms
Wettability of solid particles, contact angle
Solid particles interactions
4. Solubility and dissolution
Solubility of solids (liquids, gasses)
Factors influencing solubility of solids
Thermodynamics of solids dissolution
Noyes - Whitney equation – dissolution kinetics and the effect on pharmaceutical systems efficiency
Solvent – solute interactions, solvatation – relevant examples
Liberation of drugs
5. Solutions
Types of pharmaceutical solutions and relevant examples
Ideal vs. real solutions, practical applications of Raoult’s law
Isotonic solutions, isotonization
Colligative properties
Solubility product
Types of concentration
6. Diffusion
Diffusion rate and influencing factors
Diffusion principles, Fick’s 1st and 2nd law and practical applications
Charged particles diffusion/ uncharged particles diffusion
Diffusion driving forces in pharmacy
Principles and applications of osmosis and ultrafiltration
Diffusion based pharmaceutical systems
Diffusion characteristics within biological systems
7. Diffusion through polymeric membrane
Principles of diffusion through polymeric membrane
Pore diffusion, Fibrous membrane diffusion
Monolithic matrix diffusion
Multilayer membrane diffusion
Diffusion through polymeric barrier based preparations and relevant examples
Principles of controlled diffusion
Drugs permeation, permeability
8. Application of interfacial phenomena in pharmaceutical systems
Relevant properties of interfacial phenomena on l/l, s/g, s/l
Concept and calculation of surface tension and surface free energy
Relationship between ability to act on interface and efficiency of pharmaceutical systems
Cohesion and adhesion of surfaces
Relevant examples of pharmaceutical systems based on interfacing
9. Pharmaceutical surfactants
Surfactants’ structural predispositions
Structural types of pharmaceutical surfactants
Utilization of surfactants in pharmaceutical systems
HLB System
10. Pharmaceutical polymers
Types of pharmaceutical polymers
Molecular weirght of pharmaceutical polymers
Structure and organization of polymers
Copolymers
Polymers’ physical states
Polymer crystallization
Biodegradability, biocompatibility
11. Polymer systems
Polymeric solutions
Water soluble/water insoluble polymers
Polymer swelling
Polymeric gels
Stimuliresponsive polymers
Bioadhesive/ mucoadhesive polymers
12. Disperse systems
Properties of disperse systems and their use in pharmacy
Factors influencing the stability of disperse systems
Electric properties of disperse systems: DLVO theory, zeta potential, Nernst potential, flocculation
13. Basic principles of nanotechnology in pharmacy
Definition and principles involved
Phase separation
Coagulation
Coacervation
Dendrimers
Potential problems and obstacles of nanotechnology based pharmaceutical systems
Last update: Paraskevopoulos Georgios, doc. Dr., Ph.D. (17.07.2024)