SubjectsSubjects(version: 996)
Course, academic year 2026/2027
   
Physical Pharmacy I - GAF408
Title: Physical Pharmacy I
Form of teaching: lecture
Guaranteed by: Department of Computational and Physical Pharmacy (16-16110)
Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
Actual: from 2026
Duration in semesters: 1
Semester: winter
Points: 0
E-Credits: 3
Examination process: winter s.:written
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:28/0, Ex [HS]
Capacity: unlimited / unknown (unknown)
Maximum number of enrolled students: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Repeated enrollment: 1 / 1 / - / 1
Guarantor: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D.
Incompatibility : GAF389
Interchangeability : GAF389
Is co-requisite for: GAF427
Annotation -
The course Physical Pharmacy I provides students with a basic view of the structure of matter and its properties from a physical point of view. The aim of the course is to equip students with the necessary theoretical knowledge, which is also important for describing the behaviour of various dosage forms in the body, and also to familiarize them with the physicochemical principles of physiological processes of the human body. Thermodynamics is also a part, which provides the basis for understanding energy transfer, chemical reactions, equilibriums and transport of substances within systems. The knowledge obtained is in accordance with the requirements of follow-up courses and pharmaceutical practice. The topics are selected so that students can use the knowledge gained here in other subjects of study, especially in Physical Pharmacy II, Pharmaceutical Technology or Analytical Chemistry. Physical Pharmacy I as a preparatory subject provides an optimal theoretical basis for the education of students at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Charles University across all areas of their studies. Topics: matter, states of matter, free radicals, radioactivity, radiation risks, dosimetry, biological effects of ionizing radiation, thermodynamics I – introduction to thermodynamics, thermodynamics II – thermodynamic laws, thermodynamics III – phase equilibria, thermodynamics IV – one-, two- and multi-component systems, thermodynamics V – chemical equilibria, physical properties and mechanics of liquids, hydrodynamics, physical properties and mechanics of solids, basics of rheology
Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (16.09.2026)
Course completion requirements -
The subject Physical pharmacy I is finished by the final exam. The examination is performed in the written form.  The examination consists of 26 questions selected from the topics of individual lectures.To pass the exam, it is necessary to obtain at least 31 points out of a total of 52 points.
Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (16.09.2026)
Literature

Recommended:

  • Study materials [online]. Dostupné z: https://intranet.faf.cuni.cz/Study-materials/KBFCH/?path=biophysics
  • Glaser Roland. Biophysics. New York: Springer, 2012, s. ISBN 978-3-662-49596-4.
  • Lázníčková Alice, Kubíček Vladimír. Physical chemistry. Faculty of pharmacy: Charles university, 1998, s. ISBN .
  • Atkins Peter, de Paula Julio. Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, s. ISBN 78-14-292-3114-5.

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (16.09.2026)
Syllabus -

The matter

Forms of matter, force interactions, particles of matter, structure of atoms, physicochemical properties of molecules – bonding interactions, biopolymers and their structure, dispersion systems and their properties

States of matter

Description of gases, liquids and solids from the point of view of the atomic hypothesis, properties of gases, liquids and solids, influence of intermolecular interactions on states of matter

Free radicals

Definition and formation of free radicals, radical chemistry, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and their effect on the body, oxidative stress

Radioactivity

Definitions and basic concepts, characterization, radioactive transformation process and basic quantities, proton/nucleon number, isotope, isobar, isoton, isomer, types of radioactive transformations and their interactions with nuclei, and especially atomic shells, nuclear reactions

Dosimetry and biological effects of ionizing radiation

Characterization of the response of living systems to radiation, direct and indirect effects of radiation, radiosensitivity, deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation, dosimetric definitions

Radiation Risks of Radiation

Strategies of protection against ionizing radiation, dose limits, personal dosimeters and detectors of ionizing radiation, possibilities of using radionuclides in therapy and diagnostics, methods of obtaining radionuclides

Thermodynamics I

Temperature, properties of gases (ideal gas, real gases), pressure, Boyle's law, Charles' law, equation of state of ideal gas, heat, work, compression/expansion of ideal gas-isothermal reversible, against constant pressure, adiabatic, Carnot cycle

Thermodynamics II

Types of thermodynamic systems, energy transfer, 0th law of thermodynamics, temperature, state functions, 1st law of thermodynamics, concept of internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacities, Hess's law, standard state, 2nd law of thermodynamics, concept of entropy, reversible and irreversible processes, general conditions of equilibrium, Gibbs and Helmholtz energy, combined formulations of the 1st and 2nd theorems of thermodynamics, 3rd law of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics III

Gibbs' law of phases, one-component systems, phase diagram, Clausius-Clapeyron equation

Thermodynamics IV

Two-component systems, Dalton's law, Henry's law, solubility of solids, solid-solvent system, Raoult's law and its uses, colligative properties, cryoscopy and ebuloscopy, osmotic pressure, three-component systems, Nernst's partition law, extraction, thermal analysis – differential scanning calorimetry

Thermodynamics V

Gibb’s reaction energy, chemical equilibrium, reaction isotherm, activity, equilibrium constant, dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature, van ́t Hoffa equation

Physical properties of fluids, fluid mechanics

Physical properties of fluids, classification of liquids, flow of ideal and real fluids, equations for ideal and Newtonian fluids, viscosity, equations describing the flow of real liquids

Physical properties of solids, mechanics of solids, basics of rheology

Physical properties and structure of solids, classification of solids, deformations and mechanical stresses, load curve, importance of rheology, rheological distribution of bodies, rheological elementary bodies and rheological models, creep curves

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (23.09.2026)
Learning outcomes

After completing the course Physical pharmacy I, the student is oriented and understands the problems of: the structure of matter at the atomic level, understands the differences in the structure and properties of individual states of matter and the influence of these differences on molecular properties. They have an overview of the types of force interactions between atoms and understand the structure and the resulting properties of biological compounds. He knows what free radicals are, knows their most important representatives and deduces their negative effect on living organisms. He/she understands and can explain the concepts related to radioactivity, he/she can describe the principles of all types of radioactive transformations and interactions of radioactive radiation with atomic shells, he/she can explain how braking and characteristic X-rays are produced. They are familiar with the issue of radiation risks, know how to shield radiation α, β and γ including the choice of material. He/she knows the possibilities of entering the body of a source of ionizing radiation and the possibilities of protecting the body. He/she will describe the meaning of dose limits, he/she knows the principles of radiation protection of workers. It defines the term radiopharmaceuticals and deduces their use in practice. It will describe the principle of a radionuclide generator, particle accelerator and nuclear reactor. He/she understands the principle of biological effects of radiation, describes the terms deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation, knows what absorbed, equivalent and effective dose is. Understands the basic concepts in thermodynamics. Based on the behaviour of a large set of matter particles, it can predict some macroscopic aspects of the system's behaviour. They will understand the basic thermodynamic laws that govern all chemical, biological and physical processes. It understands in context the quantities of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy. They understand the concept of Helmholtz energy, they understand the principle of phase transformations from the point of view of thermodynamics. He/she has an overview of the phase equilibria of the simplest systems. They will gain basic knowledge in the field of thermodynamics of phase equilibria and the behaviour of multicomponent or multiphase systems important for pharmacy. They will gain basic knowledge about chemical equilibrium and spontaneity of chemical reactions. They will understand the context of chemical equilibrium and the value of standard reaction Gibbs energy. They will understand the equilibrium constant and its dependence on temperature. He/she can define a liquid, understands the basic laws of hydrostatics and understands their application in the measurement of the density of substances. He/she describes the flow of ideal and real liquids and knows the laws describing flowing liquids. He understands the difference between the properties and behaviour of ideal, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. They understand what the viscosity of liquids is and understand the principles of its measurement using different types of viscometers and derive its importance for pharmaceutical technology. It can define solid bodies and their internal structure. They understand the concepts of mechanical stress, deformation. They understand the terms elastic, plastic, viscous and viscoelastic substance. Can sketch a loading curve and describe its typical sections. They know what rheology is, what its procedures are and what its importance is for describing the mechanical behaviour of materials, especially biological ones.

 Learning outcomes:

On the basis of the knowledge and skills acquired, students will:

Ø  They define the basic concepts of the topics of states of matter, free radicals, radioactivity, radiation risks, biological effects of radiation, thermodynamics, mechanics of liquids, mechanics of solids

Ø  They will understand the differences in the structure and properties of individual states of matter and the influence of these differences on molecular properties.

Ø  They are familiar with the laws of thermodynamics, understand energy conversions and the properties of substances at different temperatures and pressures

Ø  They calculate the solid and liquid density, the dynamic viscosity of the liquid in the examples after entering the values of the necessary quantities

Ø  They explain the principles of methods for measuring the density of solids and liquids and the viscosity of liquid

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (23.09.2026)
 
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