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Course, academic year 2024/2025
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Biophysics - GAF389
Title: Biophysics
Guaranteed by: Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry (16-16110)
Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
Actual: from 2024
Semester: winter
Points: 0
E-Credits: 4
Examination process: winter s.:written
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:28/0, Ex [HS]
Capacity: unlimited / unknown (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Note: deregister from the exam date if a requisite was not fulfilled
course can be enrolled in outside the study plan
enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D.
Annotation -
Biophysics provides students with a basic view of the structure of matter and its properties from a physical point of view. The aim of the course is to equip students with the necessary theoretical knowledge, which is also important for describing the behaviour of various dosage forms in the body, and also introduces them to the biophysical principles of physiological processes of the human body. The knowledge obtained is in accordance with the requirements of follow-up courses and pharmaceutical practice. The topics are selected so that students can use the knowledge gained here in other subjects of study, especially in physical chemistry, pharmaceutical technology or analytical chemistry. Biophysics as a preparatory subject provides an optimal theoretical basis for the education of students at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Charles University across all areas of their studies. Topics: structure of matter, states of matter and intermolecular forces, radioactivity, dosimetry – biological effects of ionizing radiation, radiation risks, free radicals, introduction to thermodynamics - gases, thermodynamics I - thermodynamic laws, phase equilibrium, one-, two- and multicomponent systems, thermodynamics II - chemical equilibrium, fluid mechanics, hydrodynamics, mechanics of solids, basics of rheology
Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (20.09.2024)
Course completion requirements -

The subject Biophysics is finished by the final exam. The examination is performed in the written form.  The examination consists of 50 questions selected from the topics of individual lectures.The condition for successful examination is to gain the minimal 30 points from all questions.  

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (20.09.2024)
Literature - Czech

Doporučená:

  • Studijní materiály [online]. Dostupné z: https://intranet.faf.cuni.cz/Study-materials/KBFCH/
  • Glaser Roland. Biophysics. New York: Springer, 2012, s. ISBN 978-3-662-49596-4.
  • Lázníčková Alice, Kubíček Vladimír. Physical chemistry. : Charles university, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1998, s. ISBN .
  • Atkins Peter, de Paula Julio. ; Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, s. ISBN 978-14-292-3114-5.

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (20.09.2024)
Syllabus -

Structure of matter

Forms of matter, force interactions, particles of matter, structure of atom, physico - chemical properties of molecules and their structure, biopolymers and their structure, dispersion systems and their properties

State of matter and intermolecular forces

Description of gases, liquids and solids from the point of view of the atomic hypothesis, properties of gases, liquids and solids, influence of intermolecular interactions on states of matter

 Radioactivity

Definition, characterization, radioactive decay process, activity, physical half-life, proton/nucleon number, isotope, isobar, isotone, isomer, radioactive decay, types of radioactive radiation, interaction of ionizing radiation with nuclei and shells of atoms, nuclear reactions

Dosimetry – biological effects of ionizing radiation

Characterization of the response of living systems to radiation, direct and indirect effects of radiation, radiosensitivity, deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation, dosimetric definitions

Free radicals

Definition, formation and radical chemistry, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, oxidative stress

Dosimetry – radiation risks

Strategies of protection against ionizing radiation, dose limits, personal dosimeters and detectors of ionizing radiation, possibilities of using radionuclides in therapy and diagnostics, methods of obtaining radionuclides

Introduction to Thermodynamics – gases

Temperature, properties of gases (ideal gas, real gases), pressure, Boyle's law, Charles' law, ideal gas equation of state, heat, work, compression/expansion of ideal gas-isothermal reversible, against constant pressure, adiabatic, Carnot cycle

Thermodynamics I – thermodynamic laws

Types of thermodynamic systems, energy transfer, 0. thermodynamic law, temperature, state functions, 1. thermodynamic law, concept of internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, Hess's law, standard state, 2. thermodynamic law, concept of entropy, reversible and irreversible processes, general equilibrium conditions, Gibbs and Helmholtz energy, combined formulations of 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics, 3. law of thermodynamics

Phase equilibria, one-component systems

Gibbs' law of phases, one-component systems, phase diagram, Clausius-Clapeyron equation

Phase equilibria, two- and more-component systems

Two-component systems, Dalton's law, Henry's law, solid-solvent solubility, Raoult's law and its applications, colligative properties, cryoscopy and ebulioscopy, osmotic pressure, three-component systems, Nernst's partition law, extraction, thermal analysis - differential scanning calorimetry

Thermodynamics II – chemical equilibria

Gibbs energy reaction, chemical equilibrium, reaction isotherm, activity, equilibrium constant, dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature, van ́t Hoff's equation

Mechanics of fluids, hydrodynamics

Physical properties of fluids, classification of fluids, flow of ideal and real fluids, equations for ideal and Newtonian fluids, viscosity, equation describing the flow of real liquids

Mechanics of solids, basics of rheology

Physical properties and structure of solids, classification of solid bodies, deformation and mechanical stress, load curve, importance of rheology, rheological division of solids, rheological elementary bodies and rheological models, creep curves

 

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (24.09.2024)
Learning outcomes

  

After completing the Biophysics course, the student is oriented and understands the problems of: the structure of matter at the atomic level, understands the differences in the structure and properties of individual states of matter and the influence of these differences on molecular properties. They have an overview of the types of force interactions between atoms and understand the structure and the resulting properties of biological compounds. He knows what free radicals are, knows their most important representatives and deduces their negative effect on living organisms. He/she understands and can explain the concepts related to radioactivity, he/she can describe the principles of all types of radioactive transformations and interactions of radioactive radiation with atomic shells, he/she can explain how braking and characteristic X-rays are produced. They are familiar with the issue of radiation risks, know how to shield radiation α, β and γ including the choice of material. He/she knows the possibilities of entering the body of a source of ionizing radiation and the possibilities of protecting the body. He/she will describe the meaning of dose limits, he/she knows the principles of radiation protection of workers. It defines the term radiopharmaceuticals and deduces their use in practice. It will describe the principle of a radionuclide generator, particle accelerator and nuclear reactor. He/she understands the principle of biological effects of radiation, describes the terms deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation, knows what absorbed, equivalent and effective dose is. Understands the basic concepts in thermodynamics. Based on the behaviour of a large set of matter particles, it can predict some macroscopic aspects of the system's behaviour. They will understand the basic thermodynamic laws that govern all chemical, biological and physical processes. It understands in context the quantities of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy. They understand the concept of Helmholtz energy, they understand the principle of phase transformations from the point of view of thermodynamics. He/she has an overview of the phase equilibria of the simplest systems. They will gain basic knowledge in the field of thermodynamics of phase equilibria and the behaviour of multicomponent or multiphase systems important for pharmacy. They will gain basic knowledge about chemical equilibrium and spontaneity of chemical reactions. They will understand the context of chemical equilibrium and the value of standard reaction Gibbs energy. They will understand the equilibrium constant and its dependence on temperature. He/she can define a liquid, understands the basic laws of hydrostatics and understands their application in the measurement of the density of substances. He/she describes the flow of ideal and real liquids and knows the laws describing flowing liquids. He understands the difference between the properties and behaviour of ideal, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. They understand what the viscosity of liquids is and understand the principles of its measurement using different types of viscometers and derive its importance for pharmaceutical technology. It can define solid bodies and their internal structure. They understand the concepts of mechanical stress, deformation. They understand the terms elastic, plastic, viscous and viscoelastic substance. Can sketch a loading curve and describe its typical sections. They know what rheology is, what its procedures are and what its importance is for describing the mechanical behaviour of materials, especially biological ones.

 

Learning outcomes:

On the basis of the knowledge and skills acquired, students will:

Ø  They define the basic concepts of the topics of states of matter, free radicals, radioactivity, radiation risks, biological effects of radiation, thermodynamics, mechanics of liquids, mechanics of solids

Ø  They will understand the differences in the structure and properties of individual states of matter and the influence of these differences on molecular properties.

Ø  They are familiar with the laws of thermodynamics, understand energy conversions and the properties of substances at different temperatures and pressures

Ø  They calculate the solid and liquid density, the dynamic viscosity of the liquid in the examples after entering the values of the necessary quantities

Ø  They explain the principles of methods for measuring the density of solids and liquids and the viscosity of liquid

Last update: Kuchařová Monika, Mgr., Ph.D. (04.04.2025)
 
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