Pharmacology II - GAF340
Title: Pharmacology II
Guaranteed by: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (16-16170)
Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
Actual: from 2024
Semester: summer
Points: 0
E-Credits: 9
Examination process: summer s.:oral
Hours per week, examination: summer s.:56/42, C+Ex [HS]
Capacity: unlimited / unlimited (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Note: deregister from the exam date if a requisite was not fulfilled
Guarantor: prof. PharmDr. František Štaud, Ph.D.
Comes under: 3.ročník 2024/25 Pharmacy (EN19)
Co-requisite : GAF339
Interchangeability : GAF309, GF340
Is co-requisite for: GAF358, GAF360, GAF158, GAF503, GAF353
Is pre-requisite for: GAF347, GAF345
Is interchangeable with: GF340
Examination dates   SS schedule   
Annotation -
Pharmacology is a scientific discipline studying the interactions of drugs with the organism both in the sense of pharmacokinetics (the fate of the drug in the organism) and pharmacodynamics (effect of drugs on the organism). These interactions are studied at all levels (molecular, cellular, organ, whole organisms). Pharmacology teaching in the “Pharmacy study program” is divided into two immediately adjacent parts: Pharmacology I (taught in winter semester of the 3rd year) and Pharmacology II (taught in summer semester of the 3rd year). Students will first learn about the general rules of pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (mechanisms of drug effects, adverse reactions, principles of drug-drug interactions). Subsequently, topics of special pharmacology are discussed according to individual organ systems (e.g. cardiovascular, CNS, endocrine...). In the course of pharmacology, emphasis is also placed on the clinical aspects of drug effects in humans. The knowledge gained subsequently enables the pharmacist, in collaboration with a physician, to contribute to rational, safe and effective pharmacotherapy. Pharmacology II is taught in the summer semester of the 3rd year immediately following the subject Pharmacology I (winter semester of the 3rd year). The subject of Pharmacology II focuses on the following thematic areas: Special pharmacology Pharmacology of the central nervous system (part II) Pharmacology of inflammation and immune response Pharmacology of the endocrine system Pharmacology of the blood and haematopoietic system Pharmacology of the respiratory system Pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract Pharmacology of the reproductive system Chemotherapy of infections Cancer chemotherapy
Last update: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (07.01.2018)
Course completion requirements -

Credit test/Oral exam Pharmacology II

Credit test registration:

  • exclusively via SIS
  • you can register, or cancel your registration, no later than by 1200 of the day preceding the credit test

Identification, credit and exam:

  • You must bring an official document for your identification (passport, ISIC card or student's record book)
  • The tests will be corrected, and the results announced, the same day.
  • You can register for the exam after successful credit test - again no later than by 1200 of the day preceding the exam.

Oral exam:

  • after successful credit test, you can register for oral exam with one of following examiners: Prof. Štaud, Assoc. Prof. Mladěnka, Assoc. Prof. Trejtnar, Dr. Čečková, Dr. Pourová and Dr. Červený
  • available terms for oral exams will be announced always on Fridays for the week following written credit test

Requirements for getting the credit

Basic requirements for obtaining the credit from Pharmacology (summer term) are as follows:

1. Attendance of the seminars. Maximum one justified absence of total 14 seminars is tolerated. Any additional absences will be solved individually by the teachers.

2. Passing the written credit test from the whole pharmacology, i.e., winter and summer terms, including general pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) under the following conditions:

  • students can sit for the credit test three times
  • test comprises 14 questions (4 questions from the general pharmacology and 10 questions from the special pharmacology; 47 points is the achievable maximum)
  • for successful passing the credit test (and possibility to register for oral exam) it is necessary to score at least 35 points in the test
  • if a student does not achieve this limit in any of the three attempts, but he/she gets in total 75 points and as well at least once 31 points, he/she can ask a seminar teacher for oral exam for getting the credit. There will be two teachers present at this oral credit exam and this possibility can be used only once.
  • the time limit for writing the test is 40 minutes
Last update: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (08.01.2018)
Literature - Czech

Doporučená:

  • Rang, H. P., Ritter, J. M. Flower, R. J. Henderson, Graeme. Pharmacology. null: null, 2016, 760 s. ISBN 978-0-7020-5363-4.

  • Lüllmann, Heinz Mohr, Klaus Hein, Lutz. Color atlas of pharmacology. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2011, 393 s. ISBN 978-3-13-781704-8.

  • Katzung, Bertram G. Masters, Susan B. Trevor, Anthony J. (eds.). Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015, 1201 s. ISBN 978-1-25-925290-7.

Last update: prepocet_literatura.php (19.09.2024)
Syllabus -

Pharmacology of central nervous system (part II)

  • Overview of neurotransmitters
  • Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
  • Antipsychotic drugs
  • Antidepressant drugs
  • Antiepileptic drugs.
  • Overview of centrally acting muscle relaxants
  • Opioid analgesics
  • CNS stimulants. Psychotomimetic agents (hallucinogens)
  • Ethanol – pharmacology, toxicology

  Pharmacology of inflammation and immune response

  • Histamine. Histamine H1 receptor antagonists
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis; pharmacotherapy of gout arthritis
  • Immunomodulators: Immunosuppressant drugs. Overview of immunostimulants

  Pharmacology of the endocrine system

  • Thyroid hormones. Treatment of hypo- and hyperthyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus. Treatment with insulin, oral hypoglycaemic agents and other antidiabetic drugs.
  • Hormones of adrenal cortex: Glucocorticoids
  • Bone metabolism: Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis

 Pharmacology of the blood and haematopoietic system

  • Drugs affecting haemostasis and fibrinolysis
  • Drugs affecting the haematopoietic system: Treatment of anaemia by iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 and erythropoietin. Overview of other haematopoietic growth factors

Pharmacology of the respiratory system

  • Pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • Drugs used for cough

Pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract

  • Treatment of peptic ulcer disease
  • Drugs affecting vomiting
  • Therapy of constipation and acute diarrhoea: laxatives and antidiarrheal agents

Pharmacology of the reproductive system

  • Female sex hormones, therapeutic use: Hormonal contraception. Hormone replacement therapy
  • Male sex hormones. Anabolic steroids. Overview of treatment of erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
  • Drugs acting on the uterus

Chemotherapy of infections

  • Antibacterial drugs
  • Sulfonamides. Trimethoprim
  • β-lactam antibiotics - penicillins
  • β-lactam antibiotics – cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics. Bacitracin. Vancomycin.
  • Tetracyclines. Aminoglycosides
  • Macrolides. Lincosamides. Chloramphenicol.
  • Fluoroquinolones.
  • Metronidazole. Nitrofurantoin. Locally used antibiotics.
  • Antimycobacterial agents
  • Antituberculosis drugs. Short overview of antileprosy drugs
  • Antiviral agents
  • Antifungal drugs
  • Therapy of protozoal infections: malaria, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, amoebosis. Short overview of other protozoal infections and their treatment modalities.
  • Anthelminthic drugs 

Cancer chemotherapy

  • Overview of anticancer drugs including targeted therapy – modes of action, side effects
Last update: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (07.01.2018)
Learning outcomes

   

The subject Pharmacology II builds on the knowledge and skills acquired in the subject Pharmacology I and its preceding subjects. 

After completing the subject, students will know pharmacodynamic approaches to possible therapeutic influence on the following diseases: epilepsy, depression, insomnia, pain (from mild to very severe, including inflammatory and migraine pain), gouty and rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes I and II, osteoporosis, infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic origin), cough, COPD and bronchial asthma. They will also know the pharmacological possibilities of therapeutic influence on the functions of the circulatory system and blood clotting, the digestive system, hormonal systems (female and male sex hormones, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex hormones) and approaches to the treatment of cancer, including modern targeted therapy. 

Students will be able to discuss knowledge in the above-mentioned areas of special pharmacology in the context of general pharmacology, the knowledge of which they acquired in Pharmacology I. To successfully pass the Pharmacology II exam, it will be necessary to demonstrate the knowledge listed in the learning outcomes for Pharmacology I. 

 

Learning outcomes: 

Based on the acquired knowledge and skills, the student can discuss approaches to possible therapeutic influence in connection with the pathological causes of the disease, list specific drug representatives, state their molecular mechanisms of action, main indications (Ind), derive key adverse effects (NAE) and name significant drug interactions (LI) and contraindications (KI). 

Specifically, the student will be able to: 

  • Explain the principles of therapy for viral diseases (both retroviral and non-retroviral), the basic mechanisms of action of given groups of antiviral drugs and list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI 

  • Explain the principles of therapy for bacterial infections, the basic mechanisms of action of given groups of antibacterial drugs including antituberculosis drugs, within each group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI 

  • Explain the principles of therapy of fungal infections, the basic mechanisms of action of given groups of antifungal drugs, within each group, list the corresponding representatives of drugs and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI 

  • Explain the principles of therapy of infections caused by parasites (helminthiasis, protozoal infections), explain the basic mechanisms of action of anthelmintics and antiprotozoals, within each group, list the corresponding representatives of drugs and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI 

  • Explain the principles of therapy of cancer diseases. Discuss (A) the basic principles of antiproliferative therapy and (B) targeted antitumor therapy. State the basic division of pharmacological groups of cytostatics, within each group, list the corresponding representatives of drugs, discuss the significant NÚ of this group of drugs, list examples of biological and low-molecular drugs used in targeted antitumor therapy, list the basic significant NÚ. 

  • Explain the principles of influencing hemostasis and fibrinolysis, define the groups of antiplatelet agents, antihemorrhagics, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics and antifibrinolytics. Within each group, the student can name the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI 

  • Explain in the context of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease development the principles of cough therapy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Within the above diseases, list the pharmacodynamic groups of drugs used, explain their mechanisms of action, list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI. 

  • Explain in the context of the cause of pain the therapeutic possibilities of influencing it, distinguishing between the therapy of mild to very severe pain, inflammatory and migraine pain. Within the partial pharmacodynamic groups, the student can name the corresponding drug representatives and their significant Ind, NÚ, or LI and KI. 

  • Explain the possibilities of influencing the immune system, within the groups of immunosuppressive and immunostimulating drugs, then discuss the mechanisms of their action, indications and list the corresponding drug representatives, including their significant INDs, or LI and KI 

  • List the possibilities of therapeutically influencing the activity of the central nervous system, in terms of the therapy of epilepsy, psychotic diseases, anxiety, insomnia and depression. Explain the basic mechanisms of action of the mentioned pharmacodynamic groups, within each group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant INDs, INDs, or LI and KI 

  • List the possibilities of therapeutically influencing the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, in terms of the therapy of acid-peptic diseases, diarrhea, constipation and prevention of nausea and vomiting. Explain the basic mechanisms of the effects of drugs within the mentioned pharmacodynamic groups, within each group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant INDs, INDs, or LI and CI 

  • Explain (in the context of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease) the principles of therapy for type I and II diabetes mellitus, list the key representatives of drugs, their main Ind, NÚ and any significant CI and LI for individual pharmacodynamic groups. 

  • List the possibilities of therapeutically influencing the activity of other hormonal systems, specifically male and female sex hormones, hormones of the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland. Explain the mechanisms of action of drugs affecting individual systems, name their basic indications and within each pharmacodynamic group list the corresponding drug representatives and their significant NÚ, or LI and CI 

  • Discuss the therapeutic use of vitamins, name their basic representatives, main Ind and any NÚ and CI. 

  • Within the provided list of drugs for FGLII, students will be able to classify each of the drugs into a pharmacodynamic group, explain the mechanism of action, state the basic indication, discuss the use of these drugs in therapy and describe any adverse effects and corresponding important drug interactions. 

Last update: Štaud František, prof. PharmDr., Ph.D. (26.03.2025)