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The first part of the course introduces students to the current role and form of pharmacy: its position in the health system and its internal structure - pharmaceutical sciences and branches, their sub-functions and organizations. The second part introduces the historical development of the pharmacy in the whole range, with an emphasis on the roots of the current form of pharmaceutical practice. In the necessary extent, the history of pharmacy-related fields - medicine, natural sciences, and technology - are discussed, too.
Topics: Health care and pharmacy; Organization of pharmacy: pharmaceutical sciences and branches; Pharmacy as a part of medicine: Prehistory and Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt; Separation of pharmacy from medicine. Pharmacy and medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome; Pharmacy separated from medicine. The medieval European and Arab pharmacy and medicine; Pharmacy and medicine in the Renaissance I, II; Pharmacy and medicine in the Early Modern Period; Pharmacy and medicine in th 19th century I, II; Pharmacy and Medicine in the 20th century I, II, History of pharmacy in the Czech lands.
Last update: Bolom Kotari Sixtus, PhDr., Ph.D. (28.08.2024)
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Exam conditions: Test consisting of 12 questions (1 correct answer from 3 suggested). 1 point for each correct answer, 7 points is a minimum to pass the exam. Last update: Bolom Kotari Sixtus, PhDr., Ph.D. (28.08.2024)
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Obligatory:
Recommended:
Last update: prepocet_literatura.php (19.09.2024)
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Lectures. Last update: Bolom Kotari Sixtus, PhDr., Ph.D. (28.08.2024)
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Test consisting of 12 questions (1 correct answer from 3 suggested). 1 point for each correct answer, 7 points is a minimum to pass the exam Knowledge of following topics, persons, and writings is required: Introduction to Pharmacy What pharmacy is, its purpose and objects of interest What pharmaceutical sciences and branches are and their objects of interest Prehistoric Pharmacy Basic characteristic (animism, medicine man, oral rite, manual rite) Pharmacy in the Ancient times Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China (basic characteristic, important writings) Greece (types of medicine, important persons and writings, humoral pathology, forerunners of pharmacists – rhizotomoi) Roman Empire (important persons and writings, forerunners of pharmacists – unguentarii, characteristic of Roman pharmacy; theriac) Pharmacy in the Middle Ages Byzantine Empire (beginning of the hospital care, basic characteristic of pharmacy, important regulations and writings, Nestorians) Caliphate (importance of Arab medicine and pharmacy, important persons and writings, pharmacy practice in Caliphate) Monastic medicine and pharmacy (basic characteristic – Benedictines, organization of health care in monasteries) Secular medicine in Europe (schools of medicine – their importance, persons, writings) European pharmacy (classical pharmacy practice – characteristic, regulations, literature) Pharmacy in the Modern History Renaissance, 16t–18th century (Paracelsus and his tria prima theory, chemiatry and its influence on pharmacy practice, new drugs (overseas natural drugs, inorganic chemical drugs), development of sciences, development of health care, apothecary‘s shop) 19th and 20th century: some great discoveries, new drugs (organic drugs isolated from plants /alkaloids/, organic synthetic drugs /chloralhydrate/, antibacterial chemotherapeutics /arsphenamine, sulfonamides, penicillin/, insulin, neuroleptics /chlorpromazine/), changes in education, changes in pharmacy practice – crisis of pharmacy practice, shift from product oriented pharmacy to patient oriented pharmacy: development of clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care Development of pharmaceutical industry (basic characteristic: types of proprietary rights, ways of development of pharmaceutical industry, mergers; thalidomide affair, increasing clinical testing) Development of pharmaceutical education (from apprenticeship system to university education) Development of pharmacopoeias (definition and aims of pharmacopoeia, development from local pharmacopoeias to state and international pharmacopoeias, first pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopoeia)
List of persons: Imhotep Asclepios, Hygiea, Panakeia Hippocrates Pedanius Dioscorides Galen of Pergamon
Basil the Great Benedict of Nursia Rhazes Avicenna Kohen al-Attar Constantine the African Frederick II
Paracelsus Pietro Andrea Mattioli Johann Rudolf Glauber Etienne Francois Geoffroy Carl Wilhelm Scheele Antoine Lavoisier Carl Linné
Friedrich Sertürner (morphine) Joseph Pelletier, Joseph Caventou (other alkaloids) Friedrich Wöhler (synthesis of urea) Charles Pravaz (syringe) Stanislas Limousin, Louis Friedländer (ampoules) William Brockedon (tablets) Paul Ehrlich (arsphenamine) Frederick Banting, Charles Best (insulin) Alexander Fleming (penicillin)
List of writings The oldest Sumerian medical text Code of Hammurabi Ebers papyrus De materia medica (Dioscorides) Canon medicinae (Avicenna) Handbook for the Apothecary Shop (Kohen al-Attar) Antidotarium Nicolai, A. Pseudo-Mesue Constitutiones regni Siciliae (Frederick II)
Compendium aromatariorum (Saladino of Ascoli) Commentarrii in sex libros Pedanii Dioscoridis (Pietro A. Mattioli) Dispensatorium pharmacopolarum (Valerius Cordus, the 1st mandatory pharmacopoeia) Pharmacopoea Londinensis 1618 (the 1st pharmacopeia including Paracelsian inorganic drugs) Pharmacopoea Edinburgensis 1756 (the 1st modern pharmacopoeia expelling theriacs and doubtful drugs) European Pharmacopoiea
Last update: Bolom Kotari Sixtus, PhDr., Ph.D. (28.08.2024)
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Lectured topics: Pharmacy: purpose, functions, definitions. Pharmaceutical sciences. Pharmaceutical branches. Organization of pharmacy. Medicine and pharmacy in Prehistory. Medicine and pharmacy in the Ancient times Pharmacy and medicine in Middle Ages Pharmacy and medicine in Modern Era Pharmacy and medicine in 19th century Pharmacy and medicine in 20th century Last update: Bolom Kotari Sixtus, PhDr., Ph.D. (28.08.2024)
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