Pathological biochemistry (pathobiochemistry) deals with disorders of biochemical pathways and biochemical changes in human organism under pathological situations. The discipline aims to explain diseases at the molecular level. Some aspects of human physiological biochemistry (e.g. the biochemistry of digestion and absorption, synthesis and degradation of hemoglobin, and metabolism of lipoproteins), are also discussed in the course. The major goal of Pathobiochemistry in the Pharmacy program is to prepare students for future understanding molecular targetting of modern pharmacotherapeutics, taught in Pharmacology. This subject also contributes to the deepening of the medical education of the pharmacist.
Topics: Oxidative stres and antioxidant defense, biochemistry of inflammation, biochemistry of tumors, inherited errors of metabolism, physiological and pathological biochemistry of lipids, physiological and pathological biochemistry of saccharides, physiological and pathological biochemistry of nitrogen-containing compounds, pathological biochemistry of nervous systém, physiological and pathological biochemistry of purines and pyrimidines, biochemistry of porphyrines, pathological biochemistry of hormonal regulations
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Patobiochemie se zabývá poruchami biochemických dějů v organismu, biochemickými změnami v průběhu chorobných stavů a snaží se o jejich vysvětlení na molekulární úrovni. Při výuce předmětu jsou též probírány některé aspekty fyziologické biochemie člověka, které do patobiochemie uvádějí (např. biochemie trávení a vstřebávání, syntéza a odbourávání hemoglobinu, metabolismus lipoproteinů apod). Patobiochemie tak přispívá k přípravě studentů studijního programu Farmacie pro budoucí pochopení významu a mechanismu farmakoterapeutických zásahů v organismu, tedy zejména pro farmakologii, zároveň též přispívat k prohloubení zdravotnického vzdělání farmaceuta. <br>
Témata: Oxidační stres a antioxidační ochrana, biochemie zánětu, biochemie novotvarů, dědičné metabolické poruchy, fyziologická a patologická biochemie lipidů, fyziologická a patologická biochemie sacharidů, fyziologická a patologická biochemie látek obsahujících dusík, patobiochemie nervového systému, fyziologická a patologická biochemie purinů a pyrimidinů, biochemie porfyrinů, patobiochemie hormonálních regulací
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Course completion requirements
1) Passing the exam of General biochemistry shall be the condition for registration for the exam
2) Combined exam - written and oral part. Conditions are published in the Study materials on the faculty website
3) Registration for an examination shall be done electronically through Internet in the Student Information System (SIS). The student may not be registered for more terms of the same exam concurrently.
5) Teachers might ask additional questions from different areas of Pathological Biochemistry
6) All drawn and asked questions are equal with respect to validity of exam and exam results (exam mark)
7) The student may take the examination from the registered subject a maximum of three times, i.e. he/she has the right to two corrective dates; an extraordinary corrective date is not allowed.
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Literature -
Obligatory:
Newsholme, E. A., Leech, A. R.. Biochemistry for the medical sciences - metabolic regulation in health and disease. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, 543 s. ISBN 978-0-471-98820-5.
Murray, Robert K. Granner, Daryl K., Rodwell, Victor W.. Harper's illustrated biochemistry. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2006, 692 s. ISBN 978-0-07-125300-0.
Champe, Pamela C., Harvey, Richard A. Ferrier, Denise R.. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, 520 s. ISBN 978-0-7817-6960-0.
Silbernagl, Stefan, Lang, Florian. Color atlas of pathophysiology. null: null, 2010, 433 s. ISBN 978-3-13-116552-7.
Recommended:
Halliwell, Barry Gutteridge, John M. C.. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 905 s. ISBN 978-0-19-871748-5.
Litwack, Gerald. Human biochemistry and disease. Burlington: Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, 2008, 1254 s. ISBN 978-0-12-452815-4.
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Povinná:
Murray, Robert K. Granner, Daryl K., Rodwell, Victor W.. Harper's illustrated biochemistry. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2006, 692 s. ISBN 978-0-07-125300-0.
Newsholme, E. A. Leech, A. R.. Functional biochemistry in health and disease. Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, 543 s. ISBN 978-0-471-98820-5.
Champe, Pamela C., Harvey, Richard A. Ferrier, Denise R.. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, 520 s. ISBN 978-0-7817-6960-0.
Silbernagl, Stefan, Lang, Florian. Color atlas of pathophysiology. null: null, 2010, 433 s. ISBN 978-3-13-116552-7.
Doporučená:
Litwack, Gerald. Human biochemistry and disease. Burlington: Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, 2008, 1254 s. ISBN 978-0-12-452815-4.
Halliwell, Barry Gutteridge, John M. C.. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 905 s. ISBN 978-0-19-871748-5.
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Teaching methods -
Lectures
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Přednášky
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Requirements to the exam -
Exam in Pathological Biochemistry shall be taken after completing the course of General Biochemistry.
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Zkoušku z Patobiochemie lze konat až po absolvování předmětu Obecná biochemie.
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Syllabus -
Introduction, mechanism of cell injury
General mechanisms leading to cell damage or death
Major biochemical mechanisms of cellular damage
Course of biochemical and morphological changes in acute ischemic/hypoxic damage
Chemical injury
Oxidation stress, radical diseases
Free radicals, reactive forms of nitrogen and oxygen (RONS)
Formation of free radicals and RONS
Physiological functions of RONS
Antioxidant system of the organism
Disruption of antioxidant protection, oxidative stress
RONS in pathological processes
Biochemistry of inflammation
Phases of inflammatory response, local signs of inflammation, course of acute inflammatory response
Fyziologická a patologická biochemie látek obsahujících dusík
Bílkoviny, peptidy, látky nebílkovinného dusíku
Trávení bílkovin v GIT, vstřebávání aminokyselin z GIT, poruchy těchto dějů. Intracelulární degradace bílkovin, poruchy.
Tvorba a odstraňování amoniaku - biochemický výklad poruch ornithinového cyklu, hepatogenní encefalopatie
Dědičné poruchy metabolismu aminokyselin - fenylketonurie, leucinóza, poruchy metabolismu sirných aminokyselin
Patobiochemie nervového systému
Poruchy skládání proteinů, následky
Degenerativní onemocnění nervového systému - Alzheimerova choroba, Parkinsonova choroba, Huntingtonova chorea, prionová onemocnění
Nukleové kyseliny, metabolismus purinů a pyrimidinů
Regulace metabolismu purinů, poruchy, hyperurikémie, dna
Regulace metabolismu pyrimidinů, poruchy
Biochemie porfyrinů
Syntéza a metabolismus porfyrinů, regulace a jejich poruchy
Porfyrie, Hemoglobinopatie
Ikterus
Patobiochemie hormonálních regulací
Molekulární mechanismy signalizace - hormony, jejich povaha a transport, receptory
Endokrinní poruchy - hypofunkce, hyperfunkce
Poruchy syntézy a sekrece hormonů kůry nadledvin, poruchy sekrece hormonů štítné žlázy
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (20.01.2025)
Learning outcomes
The subject Pathological Biochemistry builds on the knowledge and skills acquired in the subjects: General Biochemistry, Human Morphology and Physiology, and Immunology.
After completing the course, the student will be able to use the following terms (including their commonly used abbreviations) in the correct context towards biochemical characteristics and pathobiochemical changes in selected diseases: oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant, inflammation, mediator of inflammation, carcinogenesis, (pro)carcinogen, (proto)oncogene, antioncogene, lipoprotein, dyslipoproteinemia, lipidosis, steatosis and steatohepatitis, GLUT, SGLT, glucokinase, glycogenosis, mucopolysaccharidosis, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, non-enzymatic glycation, glycated hemoglobin, macrophage scavenger receptors, atherosclerosis, abdominal obesity, adipokine, β-amyloid, α-synuclein, parkin, huntingtin, prion protein, ubiquitin, proteasome, hyperammonemia, phenylketonuria, newborn screening, inherited metabolic disorders, photosensitivity, icterus, hemoglobinopathy, hyperuricemia, endocrinopathy.
Learning Outcomes:
Students based on the knowledge and skills acquired:
Ødefine the importance of pathological biochemistry as a discipline;
Øorient themselves to the biochemical pathways associated with selected metabolic disorders;
Øexplain how changes at the molecular or cellular level contribute to disease development and progression;
Øexplain the role of genetic changes in biochemical pathways and their impact on pathological conditions;
Ødescribe biochemical changes in civilization diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipoproteinemia, or cancer);
Øexplain how changes in enzyme (and/or transporter) activity affect metabolite levels in the body and demonstrate these changes in an example;
Øidentify key biochemical markers used in laboratory diagnostics and monitoring of disease progression and treatment;
Øinterpret the results of basic biochemical laboratory tests (e.g., liver function tests, blood glucose levels, blood lipid, and lipoprotein levels) and compare them to disease states;
Ødescribe the biochemical basis for rational drug therapy of disease.
Last update: Boušová Iva, doc. PharmDr., Ph.D. (28.03.2025)
