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Final Exam Questions_1Dent_2024_25.pdf | Final Exam Questions | MUDr. Vlastimil Kulda, Ph.D. |
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PA_1zub_24_25_zs.pdf | Syllabus - lectures - winter semester 2024/25 | MUDr. Vlastimil Kulda, Ph.D. |
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SA_1zub_24_25_zs.pdf | Syllabus - practical exercises - winter semester 2024/25 | MUDr. Vlastimil Kulda, Ph.D. |
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Foundations of general, inorganic, and organic chemistry for medical studies. Chemical composition of living organisms, structure and function of basic biomolecules (saccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Metabolism of important inorganic compounds. Environmental and ecological problems, introduction to toxicology. Basic laboratory procedures and chemical calculations.
Amino acids and proteins. Enzymes. Thermodynamics of biochemical events. Respiratory chain and energy formation. Citrate cycle. Glycolysis. Conversions of pyruvate. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. UDP derivatives of carbohydrates, metabolism of glycogen. Metabolism of galactose and fructose. Metabolism of lipids, oxidation ans biosynthesis of fatty acids. Laboratory methods in biochemistry. Metabolism of membrane lipids, lipoproteins, steroids. Metabolism of amino acids. Nucleotides, chemistry and biology of nucleic acids. Molecular diseases, DNA diagnostics. Porphyrins, hemoglobin, plasmatic proteins. Biochemistry of connective tissue, bone and teeth. Biochemistry of liver, kidney, muscles and brain. Xenobiochemistry. Foundations of laboratory enzymology, clinical biochemistry and examination of body fluids. Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (14.02.2024)
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Conditions for the awarding of course credits:
Conditions for the awarding of the winter semester credit:
1. Full attendance at the laboratories. Absences from laboratory exercises can be substituted during January after reservation in the Moodle course. 2. Completed lab reports from all laboratory exercises (completed worksheets). 3. Completion of all evaluated winter semester activities in the Moodle course Chemistry and Biochemistry. 4. Credit test successfully passed. The number of attempts is limited to three. If the student does not use these three options within the announced dates, there is no right to ask for an extra date. Conditions for the awarding of the summer semester credit:
1. Full attendance at the laboratories. Absences from laboratory exercises 1–6 can be substituted during May (preferably during the week of substitutions) after reservation in the Moodle course. Absences from laboratory exercises 7–9 (molecular biology) can be compensated by preparing a seminar paper. 2. Completed lab reports from laboratory exercises (completed worksheets). 3. Completion of evaluated activities of the summer semester in the Moodle course Chemistry and Biochemistry. 4. Credit test successfully passed. The number of attempts is limited to three. If the student does not use these three options within the announced dates, there is no right to ask for an extra date. Final exam
To register for the exam, credit from the subject for both the winter and summer semester is required. Other conditions for registering for the exam are given by prerequisites. In order to pass the exam, you must answer drawn questions (relating to the contents of the lectures and practicals). Combinations of four questions from the following list is drawn: 1. Biochemical functions of the cellular organelles/compartments 2. Enzyme classification, the function of coenzymes 3. Enzyme activity regulation 4. Enzyme inhibitors, antimetabolites 5. Biochemical thermodynamics, high-energy compounds 6. Biological oxidations, an overview of the respiratory chain 7. Oxidative phosphorylation 8. NAD / NADP dehydrogenases and their cellular functions 9. FMN and FAD dehydrogenases 10. Biological role of coenzyme Q and the cytochrome system 11. The citric acid cycle, its energy yield and regulation 12. Anaplerotic reactions of the citric acid cycle 13. Major nutritive carbohydrates, their digestion and resorption 14. Glycogen, its synthesis and degradation, regulation 15. Glycolysis and its regulation 16. Pentose phosphate pathway in the glucose oxidation 17. Metabolic reactions of pyruvate 18. Metabolism of lactose, sucrose and fructose 19. Gluconeogenesis and its regulation 20. Lipids, their nutritive value, digestion and resorption 21. Oxidative degradation of fatty acids 22. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols 23. An integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 24. Formation of ketone bodies and their metabolism 25. Biosynthesis and physiologic role of eicosanoids 26. Metabolism and physiological role of acylglycerols, phospholipids and sphingolipids 27. Lipid transport in the blood plasma, lipoproteins 28. Cholesterol synthesis 29. Distribution and excretion of cholesterol 30. Steroid sex hormones 31. Calcitriol biosynthesis, its biological role 32. Synthesis and the biological role of corticosteroids 33. Metabolism and the biological role of bile acids 34. Nutritive value of proteins, digestion and absorption 35. Blood plasma proteins 36. Essential and nonessential amino acids, their nutritive value 37. Reactions of amino acids, deamination and transamination, detoxification of ammonia 38. Urea cycle 39. Biosynthesis and the biological role of NO 40. One-carbon units, the role of THFA 41. THFA in biosynthesis of nucleotides and methionine 42. Metabolism of glycine and serine 43. Metabolism of cysteine a methionine 44. Structure of glutathione, its biological role 45. Metabolism of glutamic acid and aspartic acid 46. Metabolism of valine, leucine, isoleucine and lysine 47. Metabolism of tryptophan and histidine 48. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 49. Synthesis and degradation of catecholamines 50. Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, their biological role 51. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides 52. Uric acid synthesis, gout 53. DNA replication 54. Gene, its structure and organization 55. Chromatin, its structure and function 56. The genetic code, gene expression 57. Mechanisms of mutations 58. Mechanisms of the flow of genetic information 59. Transcription and mRNA processing 60. RNA types and their functions 61. Mechanism of proteosynthesis 62. Posttranslational modifications 63. DNA analysis in medicine, methods and diagnostic value 64. Gene manipulation in medicine 65. Manufacturing of peptides by recombinant DNA technology 66. Viruses: structure, lytic and lysogenic pathway 67. RNA viruses 68. HIV, SARS-CoV-2 and their reproduction 69. Biological membranes, structure and function 70. Regulatory pathways: the action of peptide and steroid hormones 71. Regulatory pathways: second messengers 72. Porphyrin synthesis and function, porphyrias 73. Heme catabolism, biochemistry of bile pigments 74. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity and biological protection 75. Metabolism of xenobiotics 76. Hemoglobin, structure and function, HbA, HbF, BPG 77. Metabolic specificity of RBCs, formation of 2,3-BPG 78. Immunoglobulin structure, synthesis, and function 79. Metabolic functions of hepatocytes 80. Biochemistry of CNS and nervous tissue 81. Biochemical events in muscles 82. Biochemistry of connective tissue 83. Biochemistry of bone and teeth 84. Regulation of calcium metabolism 85. Oral biochemistry, composition of saliva 86. Pathogenesis of caries, dental calculus and paradentosis 87. Biochemistry of nutrition and starvation 88. Biological role of trace elements 89. Water-soluble vitamins 90. Fat-soluble vitamins 91. Biochemical aspects of diabetes mellitus 92. Pathogenesis of phenylketonuria and Parkinson disease 93. Jaundice 94. Enzymes in clinical diagnostics 95. Proteolytic systems, its role in blood clotting and clot dissolution 96. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) 97. Renal functions and their examination, clearance 98. Basic chemical examination of urine 99. Examination of urinary sediment 100. Acid-base balance, its disorders, compensatory mechanisms Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (30.09.2024)
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Obligatory literature: Cerný R.: General and Inorganic Chemistry for Medical Students, Univerzita Karlova, Lékarská fakulta v Plzni, Plzen, 1993. Kotyza J.: Basic Organic Chemistry for Medical Students, Univerzita Karlova, Lékarská fakulta v Plzni, Plzen, 1993. Cerný R., Kotyza J., Cerná E.: Medical Chemistry - Laboratory Manual, Univerzita Karlova, Lékarská fakulta Plzen, Plzen, 1995
Recommended literature: Brown T.E. et al: Chemistry: The Central Science. Timberlake K.C. et al: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (30.09.2024)
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Requirements for the exam are given by the range of lectures, seminars and laboratory exercises. Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (30.09.2024)
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Laboratory sessions and seminars: Inorganic chemical nomenclature, molecular and structural formulas, qualitative analysis of anions and cations, concentration of solutions, principles of volumetric analysis, alkalimetric titration, chelatometric titration, acid-base theory, pH, buffers, fundamentals of quantitative analysis in organic chemistry. Lectures: 1. Structure of the atom: nucleus, protones, neutrones, electron orbitals. A periodical table. 2. Chemical composition of the Earth crust and the human body. Principal biogenic elements and their properties. Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds. 3. Sulphur, SH-groups, GSH. 4. Phosphorus, phosphates, high energy phosphates. 5. Water as a medium, the body content of, extracellular and intracellular water, mineral solutes. 6. Biological transport, Na/K, Ca, H/K pumps. Ouabain inhibition. Passive transport and cotransport. Na channel, tetrodotoxin inhibition. 7. Ionic composition of the blood plasma (values!). 8. Mineral constituents of the bone and the tooth, apatite. 9. Microelements. 10. Chemical properties and dissociation of water, pH. Hydrophily and hydrophobicity. The see, rain, surface, ground, spring water, natural contamination, industrial pollution. Softening of the hard water. 11. Biological wastes, bacterial decomposition, biological oxygen demand. Eutrofication. Water borne illnesses. Water treatment. Nitrogeneous contaminants and their toxicity.NH3, NO2-, NO3 -. Phosphates, Fe and Mn compounds. Phenoles, detergents, fluoride, humic acids, ligninsulphates, chlorination of water. 12. Water metabolism, resorption, secretion, renal excretion. 13. Composition of the atmosphere (values!). Respiration, oxygen transport, CO2 content. 14. Ozone and oxygen radicals, their detoxification. Superoxide dismutase, GSH peroxidase, catalase.Tocopherol as a scavenger, regeneration. Genetic defects and hemolytic anemia. Food antioxidants. Retardation of fat spoilage. The air pollution, the London smog, photochemical smog, PAN. Particulate matter, SO2, nitrogen oxides (safe limits!). CO and CO2, hydrocarbon pollution. 15. Pb and toxic metals. Indoor pollution, radon and formaldehyde. Chlorofluorocarbon pollution. 16. Hydrogen ion and pH. Na and K in the cell, transport, valinomycin and gramicidin. Li, its use in manic-depressive psychosis. 17. Cu, Cu-containing proteins. Wilson’s disease. 18. Au and Ag in medicine. Alloys of Au. Mg as an enzyme cofactor. Duodenal reflex. Mg mineral waters. 19. The biological role of Ca. The bone minerals and ossification. PTH, CT, calcitriol in Ca metabolism. The role of Ca in muscle contraction. Calsequestrin and calmodulin. Ca and glycogen breakdown. Ca in smooth muscle, nifedipine effect. Ca in photoreception. Ca and blood clotting. Plaster of Paris. Lime and slaked lime as a corrosive poison. 20. Zn as an enzyme cofactor. Cd intoxication. Sr in the human body. 21. Boric acid, medical use and toxicity. Si, quartz, silicosis and asbestosis. 22. Nitrogen biological cycle. N2O in medicine. Nitric oxide. Biological formation of NO. Nitroglycerine and amylnitrite. 23. Phosphates in the human body. ATP and high energy compounds. Toxic organophosphates, the interference with acetylcholine metabolism. 24. Sulphur compounds of biological importance. Cysteine, GSH. Selenium as a trace element. Cr as a glucose tolerance factor. Mo as a trace element. 25. Chlorine, chlorination of water, HCl formation in the stomach, chlorides in the plasma. CHCl3, CCl4,fosgene. Fluorine as a trace element. 26. Iodine as a trace mineral, biosynthesis of thyroxine. Iodine tincture, Lugol’s solution. Mn as a trace element. Metabolism of iron. Heme iron proteins and non heme iron proteins. Ferritin, transferrin, hemosiderin. 27. Co and the vitamin B12. 28. Toxicology. Poisons, LD50. The metabolism of poisons. 29. Corrosive poisons. Asphyxia agents - CO, HCN, NO2-. The toxic heavy metals. Arsenic intoxication. Marsh’s test. Organic derivatives of As. Salvarsan therapy. 30. Hg intoxication. HgCl2 in acute oral intoxication. Toxicity of organic Hg derivatives, Minamata disease. Hg fungicides. 31. Pb intoxication, anemias and neurotoxicity. Lead acetate. Tetraethyllead and its toxicity. 32. Toxicity of Cd. Acute Ba intoxication, BaSO4 in medical use. Thallium rodenticides. 33. Police gas agents. Tear gas, cough gas. Chemical war agents. Suffocation gasses. Chlorine, phosgene. 34. Nerve agents, the interference with acetylcholine nerve transmission. Organophosphates in agriculture, parathion and its biotransformation. 35. Structure of organic compounds. Nomenclature of aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds. Radicals, functional groups. 36. Biotransformation of polycyclic carcinogens. 37. Hydrophobicity, hydrophily. Alkyl halides. Types and properties of general anesthetics (N2O, ether, chloroform, cyclopropane, halothane, methoxyflurane). 38. Classification and properties of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols (phenols). Toxicity of methanol, ethanol, ethylenglycol. Biological oxidation of ethanol. Calculation of blood alcohol, catabolic rate. 39. Thiols, dimercaptopropanol, cysteine, glutathion, lipoic acid. 40. Tyrosine, thyronine, thyroxine. DOPA, catecholamines. 41. Coenzyme Q, mandelic acid. Vitamin K, its role in prothrombin activation, action of dicoumarol. 42. Nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Classification and reactions of carboxylic acids. Biologically important carboxylic acids. 43. Ketone bodies. 44. Benzoic acid and its detoxication. PABA. Salicylates, aspirin, PAS. EDTA. 45. Chemistry and antimicrobial effect of sulfonamides. 46. Amines and their reactions (salts, amides, nitrosamines), choline, acetylcholine and its physiological role. 47. Dopamine, serotonin, histamine, phenylethylamine and other sympatomimetic amines (adrenalin, noradrenalin). 48. Amides, urea, thiourea, biuret, its complexes. Guanidine, creatin, creatinine, barbituric acid and barbiturates. 49. Basic classification and characteristics of heterocyclic compounds. Pyrrol and its derivatives. 50. Porfin, heme. Bilirubin and its glucuronide, urobilinogen. 51. Indole, tryptophan, serotonine, indoleacetic acid. 52. Pyrazole and antiinflammatory drugs, imidazole derivatives. 53. Histidine, histamine, thiophene, thiazole, thiamin, biotin. Penicillin, bacterial resistance. 54. Pyridine, nicotinamide (ox-red forms), NAD, pyridoxal coenzymes, vit B6. 55. Biologically important pyrimidines, tautomerism. 56. Common purines (alpha, beta), oxidation products, forms of uric acid, cAMP, ATP. 57. Pteridine and its derivatives (biopterin, folic acid), biomedical importance. 58. Isoalloxazine, riboflavin, FAD. 59. Phenothiazine, azepine, diazepine, tricyclic antidepressants. Benzopyrans, vit. E. 60. Alkaloids, general characteristics, structural features, examples, biological effects of the main classes, medical use and abuse: active amines, purine&pyrimidine alkaloids, phenanthrene opiates (morphin and heroin), psychedelic drugs, cannabinoids. 61. Tropane alkaloids, cocaine derivatives, local anesthetics. 62. Sedatives and hypnotics: barbiturates and tranquilizers. 63. Saccharides,classification, cyclic forms, anomers, reducing properties, aldonic and uronic acids. 64. Biological aspects and strutures of monosaccharides (ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, galactose, fructose), ascorbic acid. 65. Disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, cellobiose, lactose). Reducing sugars. 66. Starch, dextran, glycogen, inulin. 67. Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic a., chondroitin-sulphate, heparin). The structure and biol. role of proteoglycans. 68. Properties and structures of lipids. Saponification. Soaps, detergents. Chemistry of their constituents. 69. Eicosanoids (generation, involvement, inhibitory drugs). 70. Fats. Phosphatidic acid, phospholipids (eg. lecithin, cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol). 71. Sphingosine, ceramides (sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, sulphatides, gangliosides). 72. Isoprene derivatives - terpenes (menthol, camphor, phytol, squalene). 73. Vitamin A and its biological functions. Composition of "visual purple", biochemical basis of vision. Carotene. 74. Chemistry of steroids, classification. Cholesterol and its esters. 75. Vitamin D, calcitriol, physiological function. Structure and role of cholic acid and its conjugates. 76. Androgens. 77. Estrogens. 78. Progestagens. 79. Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. 80. Amino acids, L-isomers. Amphionic properties. Decarboxylation, deamination, ninhydrin reaction. Peptide bond, peptides. Digestion of proteins. 81. Essential amino acids. Structures and properties of 20 common AA, their abbreviations ( three-letter codes). 82. Drawing oligopeptide structures acc. to a given sequence (eg. Ala.Phe.Ile). 83. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, methylhistidine, beta-alanine, gamma-carboxylglutamic acid, ornithine, citrulline. 84. Primary structure of proteins, peptide hormones (oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin). Homologies and disorders, hemoglobin and its pathological variants. 85. Secondary structures (alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet, triple helix). 86. Tertiary and quarternary structure, stabilizing bonds. 87. Biological functions of proteins, denaturation of proteins. 88. Nucleic acids and their constituents: structures of all nitrogeneous bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, deoxyderivatives, polarity of polynucleotides (5’-end, 3’-end), complementarity rules. 89. Active drawing of an oligonucleotide structure acc. to given sequence (eg. pAGU-OH). 90. Replication, transcription, translation. 91. Structure of DNA double helix, Z-form. 92. Structure and function of RNA species (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA). 93. Translation of mRNA, proteosynthesis on ribosomes. Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (30.09.2024)
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Moodle course Chemistry and Biochemistry https://lms.lfp.cuni.cz/user/index.php?id=382 Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (30.09.2020)
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Conditions for the awarding of course credits:
Conditions for the awarding of the winter semester credit:
1. Full attendance at the laboratories. Absences from laboratory exercises can be substituted during January after reservation in the Moodle course. 2. Completed lab reports from all laboratory exercises (completed worksheets). 3. Completion of all evaluated winter semester activities in the Moodle course Chemistry and Biochemistry. 4. Credit test successfully passed. The number of attempts is limited to three. If the student does not use these three options within the announced dates, there is no right to ask for an extra date. Conditions for the awarding of the summer semester credit:
1. Full attendance at the laboratories. Absences from laboratory exercises 1–6 can be substituted during May (preferably during the week of substitutions) after reservation in the Moodle course. Absences from laboratory exercises 7–9 (molecular biology) can be compensated by preparing a seminar paper. 2. Completed lab reports from laboratory exercises (completed worksheets). 3. Completion of evaluated activities of the summer semester in the Moodle course Chemistry and Biochemistry. 4. Credit test successfully passed. The number of attempts is limited to three. If the student does not use these three options within the announced dates, there is no right to ask for an extra date. Final exam
To register for the exam, credit from the subject for both the winter and summer semester is required. Other conditions for registering for the exam are given by prerequisites. In order to pass the exam, you must answer drawn questions (relating to the contents of the lectures and practicals). Combinations of four questions from the following list is drawn: 1. Biochemical functions of the cellular organelles/compartments 2. Enzyme classification, the function of coenzymes 3. Enzyme activity regulation 4. Enzyme inhibitors, antimetabolites 5. Biochemical thermodynamics, high-energy compounds 6. Biological oxidations, an overview of the respiratory chain 7. Oxidative phosphorylation 8. NAD / NADP dehydrogenases and their cellular functions 9. FMN and FAD dehydrogenases 10. Biological role of coenzyme Q and the cytochrome system 11. The citric acid cycle, its energy yield and regulation 12. Anaplerotic reactions of the citric acid cycle 13. Major nutritive carbohydrates, their digestion and resorption 14. Glycogen, its synthesis and degradation, regulation 15. Glycolysis and its regulation 16. Pentose phosphate pathway in the glucose oxidation 17. Metabolic reactions of pyruvate 18. Metabolism of lactose, sucrose and fructose 19. Gluconeogenesis and its regulation 20. Lipids, their nutritive value, digestion and resorption 21. Oxidative degradation of fatty acids 22. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols 23. An integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 24. Formation of ketone bodies and their metabolism 25. Biosynthesis and physiologic role of eicosanoids 26. Metabolism and physiological role of acylglycerols, phospholipids and sphingolipids 27. Lipid transport in the blood plasma, lipoproteins 28. Cholesterol synthesis 29. Distribution and excretion of cholesterol 30. Steroid sex hormones 31. Calcitriol biosynthesis, its biological role 32. Synthesis and the biological role of corticosteroids 33. Metabolism and the biological role of bile acids 34. Nutritive value of proteins, digestion and absorption 35. Blood plasma proteins 36. Essential and nonessential amino acids, their nutritive value 37. Reactions of amino acids, deamination and transamination, detoxification of ammonia 38. Urea cycle 39. Biosynthesis and the biological role of NO 40. One-carbon units, the role of THFA 41. THFA in biosynthesis of nucleotides and methionine 42. Metabolism of glycine and serine 43. Metabolism of cysteine a methionine 44. Structure of glutathione, its biological role 45. Metabolism of glutamic acid and aspartic acid 46. Metabolism of valine, leucine, isoleucine and lysine 47. Metabolism of tryptophan and histidine 48. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 49. Synthesis and degradation of catecholamines 50. Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, their biological role 51. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides 52. Uric acid synthesis, gout 53. DNA replication 54. Gene, its structure and organization 55. Chromatin, its structure and function 56. The genetic code, gene expression 57. Mechanisms of mutations 58. Mechanisms of the flow of genetic information 59. Transcription and mRNA processing 60. RNA types and their functions 61. Mechanism of proteosynthesis 62. Posttranslational modifications 63. DNA analysis in medicine, methods and diagnostic value 64. Gene manipulation in medicine 65. Manufacturing of peptides by recombinant DNA technology 66. Viruses: structure, lytic and lysogenic pathway 67. RNA viruses 68. HIV, SARS-CoV-2 and their reproduction 69. Biological membranes, structure and function 70. Regulatory pathways: the action of peptide and steroid hormones 71. Regulatory pathways: second messengers 72. Porphyrin synthesis and function, porphyrias 73. Heme catabolism, biochemistry of bile pigments 74. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity and biological protection 75. Metabolism of xenobiotics 76. Hemoglobin, structure and function, HbA, HbF, BPG 77. Metabolic specificity of RBCs, formation of 2,3-BPG 78. Immunoglobulin structure, synthesis, and function 79. Metabolic functions of hepatocytes 80. Biochemistry of CNS and nervous tissue 81. Biochemical events in muscles 82. Biochemistry of connective tissue 83. Biochemistry of bone and teeth 84. Regulation of calcium metabolism 85. Oral biochemistry, composition of saliva 86. Pathogenesis of caries, dental calculus and paradentosis 87. Biochemistry of nutrition and starvation 88. Biological role of trace elements 89. Water-soluble vitamins 90. Fat-soluble vitamins 91. Biochemical aspects of diabetes mellitus 92. Pathogenesis of phenylketonuria and Parkinson disease 93. Jaundice 94. Enzymes in clinical diagnostics 95. Proteolytic systems, its role in blood clotting and clot dissolution 96. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) 97. Renal functions and their examination, clearance 98. Basic chemical examination of urine 99. Examination of urinary sediment 100. Acid-base balance, its disorders, compensatory mechanisms Last update: Kulda Vlastimil, MUDr., Ph.D. (30.09.2024)
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