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Pathological Physiology - EA0906090
Title: Pathological Physiology
Guaranteed by: Ústav patologické fyziologie (14-90)
Faculty: Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen
Actual: from 2022
Semester: summer
Points: 7
E-Credits: 7
Examination process: summer s.:
Hours per week, examination: summer s.:2/2, C+Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited / unlimited (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
For type:  
Note: deregister from the exam date if a requisite was not fulfilled
Guarantor: doc. MUDr. Jan Cendelín, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): MUDr. Jan Barcal, Ph.D.
doc. MUDr. Jan Cendelín, Ph.D.
doc. MUDr. Karel Ježek, Ph.D.
Mgr. Štěpán Kápl
Ing. Pavel Klein, Ph.D.
Ing. Zuzana Petránková, Ph.D.
MUDr. Zdeňka Purkartová, Ph.D.
Co-requisite : EA0903015
Pre-requisite : EA0904011
Is co-requisite for: EA0907450, EA0908360, EA0908480, EA0907380, EA0908310, EA0908023, EA0907330, EA0208024
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download Pathophysiology_teaching and exam 2019_2020_dent.pdf Pathophysiology - teaching and exam in the academic year 2019/2020 doc. MUDr. Jan Cendelín, Ph.D.
Annotation -
The subject content consists of general and special pathophysiology, i.e. general principles of pathological phenomena, etiology and pathogenesis of disorders of particular organs and organ systems and particular diseases including explanation of relations between normal and pathological processes in various organ systems and on various levels of the organism. Practical skills related to basic medical approaches in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology, is an integral part of pathophysiology and are interrelated and used for explanation of principles of diseases and pathological processes.<br>
Teaching of pathophysiology for dental medicine students is focused in details on general pathophysiology and on special pathophysiology of severe states and those stated that can arise as a complication of stomatological diseases or their treatment and pathophysiology of diseases that could determine a high-risk patient from the point of view of the dental medicine. Other areas of pathophysiology are explained on the level of basal overview with respect to interconnections between pathophysiology of individual organ systems.<br>
Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
Course completion requirements -

The subject is completed with a credit and an exam.

 

Conditions for the credit:

 

1. Active attending practical exercises – 1 absence per semester is allowed.

For the practical exercises or seminars, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.

 

2. Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision.

 

Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full.

Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
Literature -

Mandatory literature:

Sobotka et al.: Pathophysiology – Laboratory Exercises. 2013, Karolinum, 2013

McPhee, Hammer et al.: Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 6th Edition 2010 (or later issues)

Educational materials of the Department of Pathophysiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the webpage of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.

 

Recommended literature:

Hueher et al.: Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2017

McCance and Huether: Pathophysiology, the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier, 2019

Banasik and Copstead: Pathophysiology. Elsevier, 2019

Hulín et al.: Pathophysiology. Slovak Academic Press, 1997 (or later issues)

Silbernagl and Lang: Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. 3rd edition, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2016

Price and Wilson et al.: Pathophysiology – Clinical concepts of disease processes. Mosby, Inc., 2003

Guyton: Human physiology and mechanisms of disease. W. B. Saunders Company, the latest issue

 

Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
Requirements to the exam -

The student is obliged to register for the exam using SIS (other ways of registration will not be accepted) within the deadline specified in SIS for the given exam date. Registration is necessary for the regular term as well as for potential 1st re-examination or 2nd re-examination. The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit (if not specified differently for a particular exam date). For exam dates, the impossibility of registering if less than 5 days before this date the student’s regular or 1st re-examination term was classified "fail" can be set. Some exam dates can be limited to regular examination, the 1st re-examination or the 2nd re-examination.

 

The required knowledge is based on the list of exam questions, the syllabus of the subject, and goals of teaching. Knowledge of other subjects to which pathological physiology follows is also necessary.

Exam questions, a detailed syllabus, and goals of teaching are available on website of the Department of Pathological Physiology: https://lfp.cuni.cz/ustav-patologicke-fyziologie/

 

The exam consists of a practical exam and oral exam.

 

Practical exam consists of question related to practical exercises. Failure in the practical exam means classification of the exam “fail”.

 

Oral exam consists of 3 questions. To pass the oral exam, the student must show sufficient knowledge in each of these 3 questions.

 

Final classification takes into consideration not only the performance in the oral exam but also the classification of the practical exam.

 

Practical and oral exams constitute one complex and cannot be separated into two examination terms. In the case of classification of any part of the exam "failed", the student is subjected to both the practical and oral exam again in the 1st or 2nd reexamination.

 

During preparation for the exam, from the moment the first exam question is given, or during the exam itself, students are not allowed to use or carry any electronic devices, including mobile phones, or text or other study materials and aids, except for tools and material provided by the teacher for the purposes of the practical exam. From the moment of giving the first question, during the subsequent preparation and during the exam itself, students are not allowed to leave the room. To prepare for the exam, the student has 30 minutes from the time the questions are given. During the preparation, the student can write notes only on a paper and with a pencil, which are provided to the student by a staff member of the Department of Pathological Physiology. It is not allowed to carry any other paper or notepad.

 

 

Due to capacity reasons, the exam can be divided into several days within the given exam date. Students are required to attend the appropriate stage of the exam according to the schedule or examiner's instructions.

Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
Syllabus -

Syllabus of pathological physiology – dental medicine

 

The student knows the facts in the field of general and special pathophysiology, can present and logically organize them, recognize and evaluate their importance, name examples of described phenomena. The student is oriented in the problem and can explain pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases, explain how and why pathological processes happen and develop. The student can find and explain a context and relations between knowledge of various areas of pathophysiology, understand and use interdependence of individual organ systems in normal as well as pathological states. The student has knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The student can use this knowledge to understand pathophysiology and can find and explain their relations.

 

General pathophysiology

Introduction to the subject, definition of basic terms, etiology, pathogenesis

Disease and its course, manifestation of diseases

Etiological factors

Intrinsic etiological factors (constitution, reactivity, epigenetics, heredity)

Extrinsic etiological factors (physical, chemical, biological, social)

Developmental disorders

Diseases and disorders linked to a certain age

Gametopathy, blastopathy, embryopathy, fetopathy, perinatal damage, teratogenic factors

Growth disorders - nanism, gigantism

Aging - causes and mechanisms of aging, theory of aging, consequences of aging

Terminal states, death - clinical and biological death, causes and mechanisms of death, signs of death, dying and its stages, persistent vegetative state, locked-in syndrome

Stress - the concept of general adaptation syndrome, stress phases, relation of stress to pathogenesis of disease, stress diseases, stress axes disturbances

Pathophysiology of immunity – immune deficiency, allergy, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, transplantation

Pathophysiology of thermoregulation – overheating, hypothermia, fever, malignant hyperthermia

Pathophysiology of tumors - classification of tumors, tumorigenesis, metastasis, consequences and manifestations of tumors, pseudotumors

Acid-base balance and its disorders

Pathophysiology of body fluids – changes of volume and osmolality, edema

 

Special pathophysiology – pathophysiology of organ systems

Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system

Heart defects, disturbances of peripheral blood circulation, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, arterial hypertension, cardiac insufficiency and failure, pulmonary hypertension, thromboembolic disease, circulatory shock

Pathophysiology of the blood

Pathophysiology of red blood cells, pathophysiology of leukocytes, hemorrhagic diathesis, thrombotic states

Pathophysiology of breathing

Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory insufficiency, obstructive and restrictive disorders of lung ventilation, disorders of lung diffusion and perfusion, disorders of breathing regulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung diseases, pleural cavity diseases

Pathophysiology of the excretory system

Pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure, uremic syndrome

Pathophysiology of the endocrine system

General principles and features of endocrine disorders

Pathophysiology of endocrine function of the hypothalamus, neuro- and adenohypophysis

Pathophysiology of the thyroid gland – thyroid hormones

Pathophysiology of the adrenal cortex and medulla

Pathophysiology of the parathyroid glands

Pathophysiology of metabolism and internal environment

Pathophysiology of energetic metabolism

Disorder of glycaemia regulation, diabetes mellitus

Pathophysiology of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride metabolism

Pathophysiology of protein and amino acids metabolism, nitrogen balance

Pathophysiology of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

Pathophysiology of nutrition

Eating disorders, malnutrition, anorexia, bulimia, pathophysiology of starvation, obesity

Rational diet, carbohydrates, fats and proteins as food components

Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses, lack and excess of minerals and trace elements

Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract

Pathophysiology of the oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestine

Pathophysiology of exocrine pancreas

Pathophysiology of the liver, liver failure, portal hypertension, ascites and hyperbilirubinemia

Pathophysiology of the nervous system

General causes of disorders and illnesses of the nervous system

Disorders of peripheral nerves

Pathophysiology of the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, basal ganglia

Pathophysiology of vegetative nervous system

Pathophysiology of neuromuscular transmission

Pathophysiology of learning and memory, behavior, affective functions and symbolic functions

Neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders

Pathophysiology of epilepsy

Pathophysiology of the motor system - paralysis, ataxias, extrapyramidal disorders

Pathophysiology of sleep and biological rhythms

Pathophysiology of brain edema and intracranial hypertension

Pathophysiology of the sensory systems - pathophysiology of somatosensory system, pain

 

Practical knowledge and skills

Statistics

Laboratory animals and principles of laboratory work

Electrocardiography, principles, ECG record description, diagnosis

Electroencephalography

Using electricity in medicine, active and passive electrical properties of tissues

Injection technique

Local and general anesthesia, complex management of general anesthesia

Surgical instruments and sewing materials

Definition of concepts, methods, preparation of the surgical field

Basic surgical procedures – surgical knots and stitches, asepsis, antisepsis

Examination of hemorrhagic diatheses, blood pressure measurement

Examination of pulmonary ventilation – spirometry, obstructive and restrictive disorders

 

For detailed syllabus, see the webpage of the Department of Pathophysiology:

https://lfp.cuni.cz/ustav-patologicke-fyziologie/

 

Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
Learning outcomes -

  • The student knows the facts in the field of general and special pathophysiology taught in the subject pathological physiology and listed in the syllabus of the subject pathological physiology I, he can present and logically organize them, recognize and evaluate their importance, present examples of described phenomena.
  • The student can define and explain terms and concepts listed in the syllabus of the subject, he can list, define and explain related terms.
  • For the diseases, pathological states, phenomena and processes listed in the syllabus, the student is able to enumerate and define related terms, describe and explain their causes, origin and risk factors, pathogenesis, manifestations, consequences, potential complications and pathophysiological aspects of basic therapeutic or preventive approaches.
  • The student can evaluate importance of etiological, risk and pathogenetic factors of diseases.
  • The student is oriented in the problems and can explain pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases, explain how and why the pathological processes proceed, can use the knowledge of general pathophysiological rules to understand and explain pathophysiology of particular organ systems and diseases and pathological states.
  • The student knows, understands and can explain relations between various parts of special pathophysiology. The student understands and can apply interrelations of individual organ systems under normal and pathological conditions.
  • The student has knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The student can use this knowledge to understand pathophysiology and can find and explain their relations.
  • The student is able to search in the study literature and other sources for relevant information on the areas defined by the syllabus of subject pathological physiology, topics of the lectures and practical exercises and relevant exam questions for the subject pathological physiology.
  • The student has practical skills in the range defined in the syllabus of the subject and can perform correctly given tasks.

Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
Entry requirements -

For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class with the sanction of absence.

 

Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology.

Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
 
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