Pathological Physiology - E0206014
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Otázky k praktické zkoušce_zubni 2024_25.pdf | practical exam questions for dental medicine 2024/2025 | doc. MUDr. Jan Cendelín, Ph.D. |
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Otázky k ústní zkoušce_zubní 2024_25.pdf | oral exam questions for dental medicine 2024/2025 | doc. MUDr. Jan Cendelín, Ph.D. |
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The subject content consists of general and special pathophysiology, i.e. general principles of pathological phenomena, etiology and pathogenesis of disorders of particular organs and organ systems and particular diseases including explanation of relations between normal and pathological processes in various organ systems and on various levels of the organism. Practical skills related to basic medical approaches in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology, is an integral part of pathophysiology and are interrelated and used for explanation of principles of diseases and pathological processes.<br>
Teaching of pathophysiology for dental medicine students is focused in details on general pathophysiology and on special pathophysiology of severe states and those stated that can arise as a complication of stomatological diseases or their treatment and pathophysiology of diseases that could determine a high-risk patient from the point of view of the dental medicine. Other areas of pathophysiology are explained on the level of basal overview with respect to interconnections between pathophysiology of individual organ systems.<br> Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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The subject is completed with a credit and an exam.
Conditions for the credit:
1. Active attending practical exercises – 1 absence per semester is allowed. For the practical exercises or seminars, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class.
2. Submitting of correctly elaborated protocols of all experiments and practical exercises to the teacher, who assesses their correctness and confirms them as fulfilled, or returns them for revision.
Students who have the subject enrolled repeatedly must also fulfill the conditions for credit in full. Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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Mandatory literature: Sobotka a kol.: Patologická fyziologie – Praktikum. 4. vydání, Karolinum, 2012 Nečas a kol.: Obecná patologická fyziologie. Karolinum, 2004 a pozdější vydání Nečas a kol.: Patologická fyziologie orgánových systémů I, II. Karolinum, 2003 a pozdější vydání Rokyta a kol.: Fyziologie a patologická fyziologie pro klinickou praxi. Grada, 2015 Educational materials of the Department of Pathophysiology published on educational portals of the Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University or the webpage of the department or provided to students in printed or electronic form.
Recommended literature: Fölsch, Kochsiek, Schmidt: Patologická fyziologie. Avicenum, 2003 Hulín a kol.: Patofyziológia. SAP, 2000, 2003, 2008 Silbernagl a Lang: Atlas patofyziologie člověka. Grada, 2012 Rokyta, Kršiak, Kozák a kol.: Bolest. Tigis, 2006 Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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The student is obliged to register for the exam using SIS (other ways of registration will not be accepted) within the deadline specified in SIS for the given exam date. Registration is necessary for the regular term as well as for potential 1st re-examination or 2nd re-examination. The condition for registration for the exam is to obtain a credit (if not specified differently for a particular exam date). For exam dates, the impossibility of registering if less than 5 days before this date the student’s regular or 1st re-examination term was classified "fail" can be set. Some exam dates can be limited to regular examination, the 1st re-examination or the 2nd re-examination.
The required knowledge is based on the list of exam questions, the syllabus of the subject, and goals of teaching. Knowledge of other subjects to which pathological physiology follows is also necessary. Exam questions, a detailed syllabus, and goals of teaching are available on website of the Department of Pathological Physiology: https://lfp.cuni.cz/ustav-patologicke-fyziologie/
The exam consists of a practical exam and oral exam.
Practical exam consists of question related to practical exercises. Failure in the practical exam means classification of the exam “fail”.
Oral exam consists of 3 questions. To pass the oral exam, the student must show sufficient knowledge in each of these 3 questions.
Final classification takes into consideration not only the performance in the oral exam but also the classification of the practical exam.
Practical and oral exams constitute one complex and cannot be separated into two examination terms. In the case of classification of any part of the exam "failed", the student is subjected to both the practical and oral exam again in the 1st or 2nd reexamination.
During preparation for the exam, from the moment the first exam question is given, or during the exam itself, students are not allowed to use or carry any electronic devices, including mobile phones, or text or other study materials and aids, except for tools and material provided by the teacher for the purposes of the practical exam. From the moment of giving the first question, during the subsequent preparation and during the exam itself, students are not allowed to leave the room. To prepare for the exam, the student has 30 minutes from the time the questions are given. During the preparation, the student can write notes only on a paper and with a pencil, which are provided to the student by a staff member of the Department of Pathological Physiology. It is not allowed to carry any other paper or notepad.
Due to capacity reasons, the exam can be divided into several days within the given exam date. Students are required to attend the appropriate stage of the exam according to the schedule or examiner's instructions. Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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Syllabus of pathological physiology – dental medicine
The student knows the facts in the field of general and special pathophysiology, can present and logically organize them, recognize and evaluate their importance, name examples of described phenomena. The student is oriented in the problem and can explain pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases, explain how and why pathological processes happen and develop. The student can find and explain a context and relations between knowledge of various areas of pathophysiology, understand and use interdependence of individual organ systems in normal as well as pathological states. The student has knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The student can use this knowledge to understand pathophysiology and can find and explain their relations.
General pathophysiology Introduction to the subject, definition of basic terms, etiology, pathogenesis Disease and its course, manifestation of diseases Etiological factors Intrinsic etiological factors (constitution, reactivity, epigenetics, heredity) Extrinsic etiological factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) Developmental disorders Diseases and disorders linked to a certain age Gametopathy, blastopathy, embryopathy, fetopathy, perinatal damage, teratogenic factors Growth disorders - nanism, gigantism Aging - causes and mechanisms of aging, theory of aging, consequences of aging Terminal states, death - clinical and biological death, causes and mechanisms of death, signs of death, dying and its stages, persistent vegetative state, locked-in syndrome Stress - the concept of general adaptation syndrome, stress phases, relation of stress to pathogenesis of disease, stress diseases, stress axes disturbances Pathophysiology of immunity – immune deficiency, allergy, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, transplantation Pathophysiology of thermoregulation – overheating, hypothermia, fever, malignant hyperthermia Pathophysiology of tumors - classification of tumors, tumorigenesis, metastasis, consequences and manifestations of tumors, pseudotumors Acid-base balance and its disorders Pathophysiology of body fluids – changes of volume and osmolality, edema
Special pathophysiology – pathophysiology of organ systems Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system Heart defects, disturbances of peripheral blood circulation, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, arterial hypertension, cardiac insufficiency and failure, pulmonary hypertension, thromboembolic disease, circulatory shock Pathophysiology of the blood Pathophysiology of red blood cells, pathophysiology of leukocytes, hemorrhagic diathesis, thrombotic states Pathophysiology of breathing Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory insufficiency, obstructive and restrictive disorders of lung ventilation, disorders of lung diffusion and perfusion, disorders of breathing regulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung diseases, pleural cavity diseases Pathophysiology of the excretory system Pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure, uremic syndrome Pathophysiology of the endocrine system General principles and features of endocrine disorders Pathophysiology of endocrine function of the hypothalamus, neuro- and adenohypophysis Pathophysiology of the thyroid gland – thyroid hormones Pathophysiology of the adrenal cortex and medulla Pathophysiology of the parathyroid glands Pathophysiology of metabolism and internal environment Pathophysiology of energetic metabolism Disorder of glycaemia regulation, diabetes mellitus Pathophysiology of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride metabolism Pathophysiology of protein and amino acids metabolism, nitrogen balance Pathophysiology of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism Pathophysiology of nutrition Eating disorders, malnutrition, anorexia, bulimia, pathophysiology of starvation, obesity Rational diet, carbohydrates, fats and proteins as food components Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses, lack and excess of minerals and trace elements Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract Pathophysiology of the oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestine Pathophysiology of exocrine pancreas Pathophysiology of the liver, liver failure, portal hypertension, ascites and hyperbilirubinemia Pathophysiology of the nervous system General causes of disorders and illnesses of the nervous system Disorders of peripheral nerves Pathophysiology of the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, basal ganglia Pathophysiology of vegetative nervous system Pathophysiology of neuromuscular transmission Pathophysiology of learning and memory, behavior, affective functions and symbolic functions Neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders Pathophysiology of epilepsy Pathophysiology of the motor system - paralysis, ataxias, extrapyramidal disorders Pathophysiology of sleep and biological rhythms Pathophysiology of brain edema and intracranial hypertension Pathophysiology of the sensory systems - pathophysiology of somatosensory system, pain
Practical knowledge and skills Statistics Laboratory animals and principles of laboratory work Electrocardiography, principles, ECG record description, diagnosis Electroencephalography Using electricity in medicine, active and passive electrical properties of tissues Injection technique Local and general anesthesia, complex management of general anesthesia Surgical instruments and sewing materials Definition of concepts, methods, preparation of the surgical field Basic surgical procedures – surgical knots and stitches, asepsis, antisepsis Examination of hemorrhagic diatheses, blood pressure measurement Examination of pulmonary ventilation – spirometry, obstructive and restrictive disorders
For detailed syllabus, see the webpage of the Department of Pathophysiology: https://lfp.cuni.cz/ustav-patologicke-fyziologie/ Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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For the practical exercises, the student must be theoretically prepared for the topic of the given class and is obliged to acquaint himself with the guideline for the given experiment or task (see study literature). Students, who did not attend the class in time, will be not admitted to the class with the sanction of absence. Prerequisites are knowledge from the fields to which the subject pathological physiology follows, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology, genetics, chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. Last update: Cendelín Jan, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (26.09.2024)
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