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Course, academic year 2024/2025
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Pathological Physiology - DA1105340
Title: Pathological Physiology
Guaranteed by: Department of Pathophysiology (13-312)
Faculty: Second Faculty of Medicine
Actual: from 2024
Semester: winter
Points: 12
E-Credits: 12
Examination process: winter s.:
summer s.:
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:28/42, C [HT]
summer s.:28/42, C+Ex [HT]
Extent per academic year: 14 [weeks]
Capacity: winter:unlimited / unlimited (unknown)
summer:unknown / unknown (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Guarantor: prof. MUDr. Jakub Otáhal, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): MUDr. Kamila Čížková
MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
prof. MUDr. Jakub Otáhal, Ph.D.
MUDr. Adéla Tefr Faridová
Co-requisite : DA1105439, DA1105454, DA1106362
Pre-requisite : DA1103040, DA1103337, DA1103446
Is co-requisite for: DA1106362, DA1105439, DA1105454
Is pre-requisite for: DA1108370, DA1108369, DA1108004, DA1108368, DA1108390, DA1108006, DA1108067, DA1108060, DA1108358, DA1108028, DA1108363, DA1108608
Annotation - Czech
Jde o povinný studijní předmět, který patří mezi základní teoretické předměty profilujícího základu. Jeho absolvováním student získá znalosti a dovednosti v oblasti patofyziologie, které jsou nezbytným předpokladem pro další úspěšné studium ve vyšších ročnících. V rámci předmětu student například následující znalosti, dovednosti a kompetence: - je schopen objasnit funkce a regulační mechanismy lidského organizmu, orgánů a jejich částí ve zdraví, se zřetelem k pochopení základů dysfunkcí v nemoci. Seznámení se základními rysy patologických procesů a jejich možný vznik z fyziologického základu. - popsat struktury lidského těla a především mechanismy, které se podílí na řízení jeho funkcí, od úrovně molekulární až po orgánovou. Uplatnit poznatky základních vědních lékařských oborů ve své klinické rozvaze a v indikaci vhodných zákroků a vyšetření.
Last update: Procházka Zdeněk (24.05.2023)
Aim of the course - Czech

Vysvětlení funkce lidského organismu za patologických stavů. Zvládnutí základů klinického myšlení tak, aby byl student připraven osvojit si v klinických předmětech účelné diagnostické i terapeutické postupy.

Last update: Maxová Hana, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (13.09.2023)
Course completion requirements -

In order to successfully complete the course, it is necessary to take an oral exam (3 questions + 1 practical task). In order to register for the exam, a completed credit from the winter and summer semesters is required.

To get credit for the winter and summer semesters, you need:

• fulfillment of continuous tests

• active participation in seminars

• not have more than 2 absences from seminars during one semester (absence will also be considered serious ignorance or passivity during the seminar)

Exceptions are handled by the head of the institute.

Last update: Maxová Hana, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (13.09.2023)
Literature - Czech

Moodle kurz: https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=6503

HAMMER, Gary D.; MCPHEE, Stephen J.; EDUCATION, McGraw-Hill (ed.). Pathophysiology of disease: an introduction to clinical medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education Medical, 2014.

https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=2468

SILBERNAGL, S.; LANG, F. Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme. 2016.

HALL, John E. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. 13th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, [2016]. ISBN 978-1-4557-7005-2.

Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology: https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/Book.aspx?bookid=2525

MCCANCE, K. L.; HUETHER, S. E. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 2019; St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2019.

COSTANZO, Linda. Physiology Cases and Problems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

NEČAS, Emanuel. Obecná patologická fyziologie. Karolinum, 2021, 1 online zdroj (312 stran). ISBN 978-80-246-4669-5.

NEČAS, Emanuel. Patologická fyziologie orgánových systémů. Karolinum, 2009.

NEČAS, Emanuel. Patologická fyziologie orgánových systémů. 2. vyd. V Praze: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, nakladatelství Karolinum, 2009, 2 svazky (379 stran, strana 381-760) . ISBN 978-80-246-1710-7.

Last update: Maxová Hana, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (18.09.2023)
Requirements to the exam - Czech

EXAM QUESTIONS FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TOPICS FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM

modified, valid from 2023/2024

EXAM QUESTIONS FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

GENERAL

Health, illness, death

Disorders of temperature control

Edema, ascites

Concrements, colic

Icterus

Acidosis

Alkalosis

Hyperhydration

Dehydration

Disorders of K+ and Cl- metabolism, relation to AB balance

Disorders of Ca, P metabolism

Classification of hypoxias, consequences

Ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress

Chemical and toxic injury of organism

Inflammation, SIRS, sepsis

AB balance testing

BLOOD

Anemic syndrome

Anemias caused by erythrocytes loss

Anemias caused by impaired hematopoesis

Hyperviscosity

Disorders of hemostasis

DIC

Hematologic testing

CIRCULATION

Pathophysiology of arteries, atherosclerosis

Pathophysiology of capillaries and veins, vein thrombosis

Primary arterial hypertension

Secondary hypertension

Hypovolemic shocks, compensatory mechanisms

Distributive shocks

Acute heart failure

Chronic heart failure

Disorders of coronary circulation, clinical forms of ischemic heart disease

Acute myocardial infarction

Hemodynamics of valvular defects

Hemodynamics of congenital heart defects

Disturbances of impulse conduction in the heart and cardias arrhythmias, including

ECG findings

Testing of cardiovascular system

Characteristics of pathological ECG recordings

KIDNEY

Disturbances of renal blood flow

Disorders of glomerular filtration

Disorders of tubular transport

Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome

Acute renal failure

Chronic renal failure

Disorders of urinary tract

Dialysis: principles and effect

Testing of renal function

RESPIRATION

Changed compliance of lung and respiratory system

Changed airway resistance

Pneumothorax

Defense lung reflexes

Control of breathing in respiratory diseases

Disturbances of alveolar ventilation, respiratory insufficiency

Hypobaria, hyperbaria

Artificial ventilation, oxygenotherapy

Inequalities of ventilation-perfusion ratio

Diffusion impairment, lung edema

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension

Bronchial asthma

Obstructive pulmonary diseases, especially COPD

Restrictive pulmonary diseases

Lung function tests

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Disturbances of hormonal regulations

Disorders of adenohypophysis

Cushing’s syndrome

Addison’s disease, disorders of mineralocorticoids

Disorders of adrenal medulla, stress

Hyperfunction of thyroid gland

Hypofunction of thyroid gland

Disorders of sex hormones in ontogenesis

Diabetes mellitus, classification and acute complications

Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus

Examination of endocrine glands

GIT, METABOLISM

Obesity

Metabolic syndrome, gout

Primary hyponutrition

Malabsorption syndrome

Consequences of vitamin deficiency, hypervitaminosis

Disorders of oesophagus and stomach

Vomiting, diarrhea

Constipation, ileus

Pancreatitis

Liver failure

Portal hypertension and ascites

Examination of function of liver and pancreas

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Disorders of somatosensoric sensation

Pain

Visual disorders

Hearing disorders

Disorders of the vestibular system, olfaction and taste

Disorders of neuromuscular junction and muscles

Lower motor neuron disorders (flacid paralysis)

Upper motor neuron disorders (spastic paralysis)

Spinal shock

Disorders of basal ganglia

Cerebellar disorders

Disorders of cerebral blood flow

Intracranial hypertension and hypotension

Brain edema, disorders of brain blood barrier

Epilepsy and epileptic seizures

Sleep disorders and disorders of consciousness

Syndrome of dementia

Schizofrenia, mood disorders

Examination method in neurology

TOPICS FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM

1. Description of ECG (physiological x basic pathological findings)

2. Description of hemodynamic changes (heart failure, valve disease, systemic hypertension, hypotension)

3. Interpretation of lung function testing (physiological x pathological findings)

4. Physical principles in the pathophysiology of breathing (compliance, elasticity, static and dynamic work of breathing, hypobaria, hyperbaria)

5. Principles of dialysis

6. Description of EMG – conduction velocity, H-reflex

7. Interpretation of oGTT (physiologic curve x diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, hyperthyroidism)

8. Interpretation of laboratory findings – reasoning (reference values x patient values)

Last update: Maxová Hana, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (13.09.2023)
Syllabus - Czech

SYLABUS OF PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

modified, valid from 2023/2024

GENERAL

Health, illness, death – definition, symptom/syndrome/disease, stages of a disease, extrinsic and intrinsic causes of diseases, clinical and biological death, signs of brain death

Disorders of temperature control – fever, hyperthermia and its consequences, hypothermia and reaction of the body

Edema, ascites – Starling forces, generalized (heart failure, hypoproteinemia) versus localized (inflammatory, venostatic, lymphostatic), pathogenesis of ascites

Concrements, colic - concrement formation (types, saturation of fluid, AB balance), characteristics of different types of colic and their propagation, other consequences of concrements

Icterus – causes (prehepatal, hepatal, posthepatal), diagnostics, complication

Acidosis – metabolic, respiratory, causes, compensation, consequences (influence on ICF)

Alkalosis - metabolic, respiratory, causes, compensation, consequences (influence on ICF)

Hyperhydration – iso/hyper/hypo-osmolar, causes, consequences (lung and brain edema)

Dehydration – iso/hyper/hypo-osmolar, causes, consequences (blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock)

Disorders of K+ and Cl- metabolism, relation to AB balance – causes, ICF/ECF, resting membrane potential, arrhythmias, sceletal muscles

Disorders of Ca, P metabolism - parathyroid glands, relation between Ca and P, parathormon, vitamin D, calcitonin, causes and consequences (tetany, calcifiation)

Classification of hypoxias, consequences - pathophysiological mechanisms of hypoxic, ischemic, anemic, histotoxic hypoxia, clinical signs, compensatory mechanisms, HIF

Ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress – role in pathogenesis opf disese, consequences on cellular level, ROS, NOS, antioxidants

Chemical and toxic injury of organism – CO, cyanide, nitrates, organophosphates, botulism, alcohol, methanol, paracetamol, amanitin, faloidin, salicylates, digitalis, atropine

Inflammation, SIRS, sepsis - primary and secondary trauma, general mechanisms of cellular damage, factors affecting the susceptibility of specific cells/tissues/organisms to various forms of damage, mechanisms of acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, SIRS/sepsis - definition, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical signs

AB balance testing – pH, respiratory (CO2) and metabolic component (BE, HCO3-), AG, Cl-corr, principals of blood sampling and measurement

BLOOD

Anemic syndrome – symptoms (paleness, fatigue, dyspnea), compensatory mechanisms

Anemias caused by erytrocytes loss - chronic posthemorrhagic (causes – GIT, urogenital system), hemolytic (causes), lack of iron, chronic disease anemia (hypersplenism, renal insufficiency, liver, tumors)

Anemias caused by impaired hematopoesis – bone marrow disorders, erythropoetin, Fe, B12

Hyperviscosity – causes (polyglobulia, CML, paraprotein), symptoms (CNS, heart, cyanosis, thrombosis/bleeding)

Disorders of hemostasis – conditions related to hypercoagulation or bleeding diathesis, innate and acquired disorders

DIC – causes, pathogenesis and consequences

Hematologic testing - complete blood count, morphologic classification of anemia, percentages of the types of WBCs, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, tests of hemostasis (Quick, aPTT)

CIRCULATION

Pathophysiology of arteries, atherosclerosis – narrowing and obstruction, aneurysms, atherosclerosis (pathogenesis, symptoms)

Pathophysiology of capillaries and veins, vein thrombosis – edemas, specific features of venous flow, thrombosis (deep venous thrombosis, thrombophlebitis), chronic venous insufficiency, varices, embolism

Primary arterial hypertension – mechanisms of BP regulation, BP values, decreased compliance of large arteries, causes (CO, kidneys, sympathetic , endothelium), consequences, principals of therapy

Secondary hypertension – renal (parenchyma, renovascular), endocrine (types), hypertension during pregnancy

Hypovolemic shocks, compensatory mechanisms – types, stages of shocks, compensatory mechanisms and circulation failure causes, organ consequences, principles of therapy

Distributive shocks – septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, causes of vasodilation (NO), principles of therapy

Acute heart failure – factor influencing CO, left/right side failure, causes, cardiogenic shock, central venous pressure, symptoms, diagnostics (EF, CVP), principles of therapy

Chronic heart failure – classification of heart failure, causes, compensatory mechanisms (Frank-Starling´s law), molecular mechanisms, principles of therapy

Disorders of coronary circulation, clinical forms of ischemic heart disease – determinants of myocardial oxygen supply, coronary bed flow, causes, acute coronary syndrome and chronic forms of IHD

Acute coronary syndrome – causes, consequences of coronary flow arrest, symptoms, principles of diagnostics (ECG, laboratory findings) and therapy, life threatening complications of MI

Hemodynamics of valvular defects – causes of valvular defects, volume and pressure overload, consequences (heart failure, pulmonary hypertension)

Hemodynamics of congenital heart defects – without shunt (coarctation), with shunt (septal defects, PDA, Fallot´s tetralogy), factors influencing hemodynamics

Disturbances of impulse conduction in the heart and cardias arrhythmias, including ECG findings – causes (disturbances of AP conduction - blocks, ectopic AP generation, reentry), consequences, principles of therapy

Testing of cardiovascular system – BP, ECG, echocardiography, Holter monitoring, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, ergometry (ischemia, anaerobic treshold)

Characteristics of pathological ECG recordings - myocardial hypertrophy, ischemic changes, ions imbalance - K+ and Ca2+

RENAL DISEASES

Disturbances of renal blood flow – causes of decreased and increased renal blood flow, consequences, autoregulation and its changes

Disorders of glomerular filtration – quantitative and qualitative

Disorders of tubular transport – innate and acquired, symptoms and consequences(ability to concentrate, ions imbalace, AB balance)

Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome – pathogenetic mechanisms and symptoms, consequences, principles of therapy

Acute renal failure – causes (prerenal, renal, postrenal), phases (oliguric, polyuric), consequences (disturbances of ECF, ions, AB balance, uremia)

Chronic renal failure - causes, consequences, compensatory mechanisms, chronic cardiorenal and renocardial syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome

Disorders of urinary tract – incontinence, urine retention, vesicoureteral reflux, urolithiasis

Dialysis: principles and effect – hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, principles, indications, advantages and disadvantages

Testing of renal function – urinalysis (casts, protein, hematuria, glucose), GFR and eGFR, fractional excretion, ability to concentrate, urodynamic tests

RESPIRATION

Changed compliance of lung and respiratory system - causes, consequences – components of lung compliance (elasticity, surface tension), static and dynamic measurement, work of breathing, atelectasis

Changed airway resistance – factors affected airway resistance, extrathoracic and intrathoracic (air trapping, equal pressure point), consequences of increased airway resistance (work of breathing, V/Q)

Pneumothorax – causes, classification, consequences (tension type), mechanism of reabsorption, therapy

Defense lung reflexes – sneezing, protective apnoea, cough (causes, complications)

Control of breathing in respiratory diseases - ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia – central and peripheral receptors, isoventilatory response, changed respiratory regulation in chronic hypercapnia, pathologic respiratory patterns (Cheyne-Stokes´, Biot´s, Kussmaul´s)

Disturbances of alveolar ventilation, respiratory insufficiency – hypo- and hyperventilation, causes, consequences - respiratory insufficiency (partial/global, latentn/manifest), AB dysbalance, tetany, dyspnea

Hypobaria, hyperbaria – adaptation to life in high mountains, high altitude sickness, pulmonary and brain edema, chronic high altitude sickness, nitrogen narcosis, decompression sickness

Artificial ventilation, oxygenotherapy – volume or pressure controlled, assist-control mode, PEEP, high frequency oscillatory ventilation, ways of oxygen administration, hyperbaric, side effects

Inequalities of ventilation-perfusion ratio – physiologic non-uniformity, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, causes of unequal ventilation and perfusion, consequences (venous admicture, alveolar death space)

Diffusion impairment, lung edema – diffusion path prolongation, decrease of diffusion area, transfer factor, interstitial and alveolar lung edema, its causes and consequences

Pulmonary embolism – causes, consequences according degree of embolism (acute, chronic), diagnostics, principles of therapy

Pulmonary hypertension – causes of increased pulmonary resistance, types (precapillary, postcapillary, hyperkinetic), impact on vascular morphology, principles of therapy

Bronchial asthma – changed mechanics of breathing, paroxysmal obstruction (air trapping, equal pressure point), causes (bronchial hyperreactivity), eosinophilic inflammation, consequences (hypoxemia, cor pulmonale, status asthmaticus), principles of therapy

Obstructive pulmonary diseases, especially COPD – changed mechanics of breathing, pathogenesis of emphysema and bronchitis, clinical forms (pink puffers, blue bloaters), principles of therapy

Restrictive pulmonary diseases – pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, RDS, ARDS – causes and consequences of restriction (mechanics of breathing, pulmonary hypertension), pathophysiology of ARDS a RDS

Lung function tests - spirometry, bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation tests, blood gases, transfer factor, expired nitric oxide

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Disturbances of hormonal regulations – hypothalamic-pituitary axis (primary, secondary and tertiary disorders), feedback loop, causes of hypo- and hyperfunction

Disorders of adenohypophysis – regulatory hormones, growth hormone, prolactin, panhypopituitarism

Cushing’s syndrome – causes (ACTH dependent, independent, iatrogenic), consequences of increased glucocorticoid levels (obesity, muscle atrophy, diabetes, hypertension, immunosuppression, striae, osteoporosis, CNS)

Addison’s disease, disorders of mineralocorticoids – causes and consequences of increased mineralocorticoid levels, hypocorticalism, Addisonian crisis

Disorders of adrenal medulla, stress – causes and consequences of increased catecholamines levels (vasoconstriction, organ perfusion), stress reaction, pheochromocytoma

Hyperfunction of thyroid gland – causes and consequences of increased thyroid hormone levels, Graves-Basedow´s disease, thyreotoxic crisis

Hypofunction of thyroid gland – causes (acquired, congenital) and consequences of decreased thyroid hormone levels, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, myxedematous coma

Disorders of sex hormones in ontogenesis – sex determination and development (types – chromosomal, gonadal, genital, hormonal), (pseudo)hermaphroditisim, (pseudo)pubertas praecox

Diabetes mellitus, classification and acute complications – types, prediabetes, insulin deficiency x resistance, symptoms of DM, coma hypoglycemic, ketoacidotic and hyperosmolar (principles of therapy)

Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus – macrovascular, microvascular – nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot syndrome, principles of therapy of DM

Examination of endocrine glands – adrenal glands (24 hour measurement, dexamethasone suppression test, ACTH production), thyroid gland (TSH/T3/T4, antibodies), DM – glycemia, oGTT, C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin

GIT, METABOLISM

Obesity – primary and secondary, types of obesity and adipose tissue (endocrine function), consequences and risks of obesity

Metabolic syndrome, gout – diagnostic criteria and other disorders in metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia – causes and clinical manifestations

Primary hyponutrition – kwashiorkor, marasmus, simple and stress starvation, cachexia, disorders of food intake (anorexia, bulimia), consequences of malnutrition

Malabsorption syndrome – primary (coeliac disease, selective malabsorption) and secondary, consequences of malabsorption

Consequences of vitamin deficiency, hypervitaminosis – vitamin A (retina, keratinization), D (Ca/P metabolism), E, K (blood clotting), B1 (beri-beri), folic acid and B12 (anemia, CNS), C (scurvy)

Disorders of oesophagus and stomach – motility disorders, GERD, early and late dumping syndrome, pathogenesis of ulcers, functional consequences of gastritis

Vomiting, diarrhea – causes (pathogenesis), consequences (changes in hydration, ions, AB balance), complications

Constipation, ileus – causes (pathogenesis), consequences (changes in hydration), types of ileus and life threatening complications

Pancreatitis – acute and chronic, pathogenesis, diagnostics, consequences and complications (shock, DIC, ARDS), principles of therapy

Liver failure – acute and chronic, causes, diagnostics and consequences (encephalopathy, coagulopathy, hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndrome)

Portal hypertension and ascites – pathogenesis, portocaval shunts, splenomegaly, hypoalbuminemia, hyperaldosteronism, complications

Examination of function of liver and pancreas – liver tests, albumin, INR, ammonia, amylase, lipase

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Disorders of somatosensoric sensation– dissociation of sensation, spinal syndromes - anterolateral and medial lemniscal system

Pain – nociception mechanisms, peripheral and central sensitization, pain classification, principles of pain therapy

Visual disorders – diseases of the optical apparatus of the eyes (abnormalities of refraction, glaucoma and cataract), diseases of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, night and colour blindness), pathophysiology of the visual pathway and visual information processing, overview of visual examination

Hearing disorders – conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, overview of hearing tests

Disorders of the vestibular system, olfaction and taste - vertigo, kinetosis, Meniere's disease, vestibular nystagmus, loss/reduction of olfactory and gustatory perception, olfactory and gustatory pseudohallucinations

Disorders of neuromuscular junction and muscles – motor unit, toxins, myastenia, Lambert-Eaton, muscular dystrophies, myotony, endocrine myopathies

Lower motor neuron disorders (flacid paralysis) – causes (radiculopathies, neuropathies), paresis/plegia, atrophy, hyporeflexia, fasciculations and fibrilations

Upper motor neuron disorders (spastic paralysis) – causes (corticospinal tract lesions, motoric cortex, decortication and decerebration), paresis/plegia, spasticity, abnormal reflexes (Babinski)

Spinal shock – pseudoflacid plegia, phases of development, organ consequences (urinary bladder), neurogenic shock, autonomic dysreflexia

Disorders of basal ganglia – pathways (direct and indirect) and mediators of BG, hypokinetic-hypertonic syndrome (parkinsonism), hyperkinetic-hypotonic syndrome (chorea, athetosis, hemibalism)

Cerebellar disorders – paleocerebellar (ataxia, titubation) and neocerebellar syndrome (dyssynergia, dysmetria, adiadochokinesis)

Disorders of cerebral blood flow – flow regulation, global disorders and strokes, ischemic (TIA, RIND) and hemorrhagic strokes, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy), excitotoxicity, penumbra, consequences (motor functions, aphasia etc.), principles of therapy

Intracranial hypertension and hypotension – Monro-Kellie doctrine, causes, symptoms (trias), consequences (herniations), princples of therapy

Brain edema, disorders of brain blood barrier– types (vasogenic, cytotoxic, osmotic, interstitial), brain blood barrier - permeability, ontogenetic development (newborns)

Epilepsy and epileptic seizures – causes (neurotransmitters, paroxysmal depolarization shift), focal (with elementar or complete symptomatology), generalized (with motoric or without motoric symptoms), status epilepticus

Sleep disorders and disorders of consciousness – disorders of REM and nonREM phases (insomnia, narcolepsy, somnambulism, sleep paralysis, pavor nocturnus, sleep apnea), causes of disorders of consciousness (ARAS), quantitative and qualitative disorders (GCS)

Syndrome of dementia - cognitive functions, degenerative, vascular, Alzheimer´s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Lewyho bodies dementia

Schizofrenia, mood disorders – neurotransmitters, positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative signs, unipolar and bipolar disorder, anxiety

Examination method in neurology – EMG, EEG, polysomnography, monosynaptic reflex

Last update: Maxová Hana, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (13.09.2023)
 
Schedule scheduled
Schedule ticket Date From - To Education type Theme Teacher Files Note
24aDA1105340p1

Groups of students
M3.AVL
Thu 03.10.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Opening lecture prof. MUDr. Jakub Otáhal, Ph.D.
Thu 10.10.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Cellular trauma, inflammation, SIRS, sepsis MUDr. Kamila Čížková
Thu 17.10.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Disorders of hemostasis, DIC MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 24.10.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Pathophysiology of hypertension – blood pressure regulation  doc. MUDr. Ondrej Szárszoi, Ph.D.
Thu 31.10.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Hemodynamic in heart defects doc. MUDr. Hana Maxová, Ph.D.
Thu 07.11.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Cardiac arrhythmias MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D. SVK
Thu 14.11.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Acute coronary syndrome MUDr. Petr Kala, Ph.D.
Thu 21.11.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Heart failure MUDr. Markéta Hegarová, Ph.D.
Thu 28.11.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Disorders of control of breathing prof. MUDr. Martin Vízek, CSc.
Thu 05.12.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Pulmonary diseases doc. MUDr. Hana Maxová, Ph.D.
Thu 12.12.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Lung function testing prof. MUDr. Martin Vízek, CSc.
Thu 19.12.2024 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Pulmonary circulation prof. MUDr. Martin Vízek, CSc.
Thu 09.01.2025 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Heart disease andexercise doc. MUDr. Jiří Radvanský, CSc.
Thu 16.01.2025 9:50 - 11:30 lecture Disorders of homeostasis, ABB  MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
24aDA1105340x01

Groups of students
M3.1.AVL
Thu 03.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

General information

Credit requirements (2 absences possible or 2 minuses)

Mandatory seminars (4 seminars per semester)

 

Physiology revision - student´s workshops

1. Acid-base balance

2. Cardiovascular system

3. Respiratory system

4. Endocrine system

 

Distribution of the articles

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 10.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

General pathophysiology 1

1. Health, illness

2. Death (clinic, biologic, transplantation)

3. Ischemia, hypoxia

4. Ischemic reperfusion injury

5. Oxidative stress

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 17.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Student´s presentations of articles

 

General pathophysiology 2

1. Chemical and toxic injury

2. Disorders of temperature regulation

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 24.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

TEST GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

 

Pathophysiology of blood

1. Revision of hemocoagulation and hematologic testing

2. Hyperviscous syndrome

3. Anemia – causes, anemic syndrome

 

 Case studies (Anemias)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 31.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

TEST BLOOD

 

Pathophysiology of vessels

1. Disorders of arteries (atherosclerosis, dissection)

2. Disorders of veins, causes and consequences of thrombosis

3. Disorders of capillaries, edema

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 07.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Systemic hypertension

Revision – primary and secondary hypertension

Hypertension demonstration - Aplysia

 

Circulatory shock

1. Definition of shock, specific features of different types of shocks (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive, traumatic)

2. Phases, mechanisms compensating severe hypotension and mechanisms responsible for progress of circulatory shock.

 3. Physiological basis of management of different types of shock. 

 

Case studies (Circulatory shock)

Shocks demonstration – Aplysia

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D. SVK
Thu 14.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Mandatory seminar

 

ECG

1. Types of leads, ECG description – rhythm, regularity, heart rate, electrical axis deviation, waves and intervals analysis

Practical recording of ECG

 

2. Pathological ECG (ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, electrolyte imbalance).

ECG demonstration – Aplysia

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 21.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Ischemic heart disease

1. Definition of IHD

2. Consequences of coronary occlusion      

  3. Diagnostic tools (ECG, ultrasound, biochemistry)

  4. Clinical presentation of IHD

  5. Life threatening consequences of myocardial infarction

Case studies (IHD)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 28.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Mandatory seminar

 

TEST ECG

 

Heart failure

1. Force of contraction and contractility, ejection fraction

2. Acute left and right heart failure (causes)

3. Chronic heart failure (mechanisms, consequences and compensation of decreased contractility)

4. Signs of chronic left and right heart failure

 

Heart failure demonstration - Aplysia

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 05.12.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Group 1:

 

Disorders of pulmonary ventilation

1. Respiratory insufficiency (ventilatory, respiratory, blood gasses)

2. Symptoms – dyspnea, cough (pathological cough, consequences of cough)

3. Changes in alveolar ventilation – compliance of lung and respiratory system, respiratory resistance (airways, lungs)

4. Control of breathing (central inhibition, breathing pattern, VD, chronic hypercapnia, hyperventilation syndrome)

5. Work of breathing (respiratory muscles coordination and fatigue, principles of measurement)

 

Case studies (Respiratory insufficiency)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 12.12.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Group 1: Mandatory seminar

 

Practise – Aplysia

Case studies (Valvular heart disease)

 

Modelling of pathophysiologic situations in Aplysia Cardio Vascular Lab program (students in pairs)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 19.12.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Mandatory seminar

 

TEST CIRCULATION

 

Practise - spirometry

Spirometry demonstration (flow-volume curve)

Spirometry practise (students in groups, modeling obstruction and restriction of breathing)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 09.01.2025 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Disorders of diffusion and V/Q

1. Disorders of diffusion, effect on O2 and CO2 transfer (transfer factor – diffusion capacity, principle of measurement)

2. Ventilation perfusion mismatch (Fenn and Rahn diagram, alveolar dead space, venous admixture)

3. Lung oedema (mechanisms, consequences, RDS, ARDS – surfactant, BPD)

4. Restrictive diseases

5. Pneumothorax (types, consequences, risks factors, principles of therapy)

 

Case studies (Respiratory diseases)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
Thu 16.01.2025 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Pulmonary circulation

Case studies (Disorders of pulmonary circulation)

Pulmonary hypertension demonstration – Aplysia

 

Breathing and environment

1. Altitude sickness (alkalosis, pulmonary edema, brain oedema)

2. Hyperbaria (nitrogen narcosis, decompression, caisson disease)

3. Oxygenotherapy (normobaric, hyperbaric, side effects)

4. Artificial ventilation (pressure versus volume controlled modes, assisted ventilation, high frequency oscillatory ventilation)

5. Respiratory reflexes (sneezing, apnea)

MUDr. Jan Doul, Ph.D.
24aDA1105340x02

Groups of students
M3.2.AVL
Thu 03.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

General information

Credit requirements (2 absences possible or 2 minuses)

Mandatory seminars (4 seminars per semester)

 

Physiology revision - student´s workshops

1. Acid-base balance

2. Cardiovascular system

3. Respiratory system

4. Endocrine system

 

Distribution of the articles

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 10.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

General pathophysiology 1

1. Health, illness

2. Death (clinic, biologic, transplantation)

3. Ischemia, hypoxia

4. Ischemic reperfusion injury

5. Oxidative stress

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 17.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Student´s presentations of articles

 

General pathophysiology 2

1. Chemical and toxic injury

2. Disorders of temperature regulation

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 24.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

TEST GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

 

Pathophysiology of blood

1. Revision of hemocoagulation and hematologic testing

2. Hyperviscous syndrome

3. Anemia – causes, anemic syndrome

 

 Case studies (Anemias)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 31.10.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

TEST BLOOD

 

Pathophysiology of vessels

1. Disorders of arteries (atherosclerosis, dissection)

2. Disorders of veins, causes and consequences of thrombosis

3. Disorders of capillaries, edema

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 07.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Systemic hypertension

Revision – primary and secondary hypertension

Hypertension demonstration - Aplysia

 

Circulatory shock

1. Definition of shock, specific features of different types of shocks (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive, traumatic)

2. Phases, mechanisms compensating severe hypotension and mechanisms responsible for progress of circulatory shock.

 3. Physiological basis of management of different types of shock. 

 

Case studies (Circulatory shock)

Shocks demonstration – Aplysia

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D. SVK
Thu 14.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Mandatory seminar

 

ECG

1. Types of leads, ECG description – rhythm, regularity, heart rate, electrical axis deviation, waves and intervals analysis

Practical recording of ECG

 

2. Pathological ECG (ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, electrolyte imbalance).

ECG demonstration – Aplysia

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 21.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Ischemic heart disease

1. Definition of IHD

2. Consequences of coronary occlusion      

  3. Diagnostic tools (ECG, ultrasound, biochemistry)

  4. Clinical presentation of IHD

  5. Life threatening consequences of myocardial infarction

Case studies (IHD)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 28.11.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Mandatory seminar

 

TEST ECG

 

Heart failure

1. Force of contraction and contractility, ejection fraction

2. Acute left and right heart failure (causes)

3. Chronic heart failure (mechanisms, consequences and compensation of decreased contractility)

4. Signs of chronic left and right heart failure

 

Heart failure demonstration - Aplysia

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 05.12.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

 

 

Group 2: Mandatory seminar

 

Practise – Aplysia

Case studies (Valvular heart disease)

 

Modelling of pathophysiologic situations in Aplysia Cardio Vascular Lab program (students in pairs)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 12.12.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Group 2:

 

Disorders of pulmonary ventilation

1. Respiratory insufficiency (ventilatory, respiratory, blood gasses)

2. Symptoms – dyspnea, cough (pathological cough, consequences of cough)

3. Changes in alveolar ventilation – compliance of lung and respiratory system, respiratory resistance (airways, lungs)

4. Control of breathing (central inhibition, breathing pattern, VD, chronic hypercapnia, hyperventilation syndrome)

5. Work of breathing (respiratory muscles coordination and fatigue, principles of measurement)

 

Case studies (Respiratory insufficiency)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 19.12.2024 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Mandatory seminar

 

TEST CIRCULATION

 

Practise - spirometry

Spirometry demonstration (flow-volume curve)

Spirometry practise (students in groups, modeling obstruction and restriction of breathing)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 09.01.2025 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Disorders of diffusion and V/Q

1. Disorders of diffusion, effect on O2 and CO2 transfer (transfer factor – diffusion capacity, principle of measurement)

2. Ventilation perfusion mismatch (Fenn and Rahn diagram, alveolar dead space, venous admixture)

3. Lung oedema (mechanisms, consequences, RDS, ARDS – surfactant, BPD)

4. Restrictive diseases

5. Pneumothorax (types, consequences, risks factors, principles of therapy)

 

Case studies (Respiratory diseases)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
Thu 16.01.2025 11:40 - 14:15 seminar

Pulmonary circulation

Case studies (Disorders of pulmonary circulation)

Pulmonary hypertension demonstration – Aplysia

 

Breathing and environment

1. Altitude sickness (alkalosis, pulmonary edema, brain oedema)

2. Hyperbaria (nitrogen narcosis, decompression, caisson disease)

3. Oxygenotherapy (normobaric, hyperbaric, side effects)

4. Artificial ventilation (pressure versus volume controlled modes, assisted ventilation, high frequency oscillatory ventilation)

5. Respiratory reflexes (sneezing, apnea)

MUDr. Mgr. Zuzana Charvátová, Ph.D.
 
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