Pharmacology 1 - B83164 (General Medicine - English Parallel)

• Title: Pharmacology 1
• Guaranteed by: Institute of Pharmacology First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague (11-00190)
• Faculty: First Faculty of Medicine
• Actual: from 2023
• Semester: summer
• Points: 4
• E-Credits: 4
• Examination process: summer s.:
• Hours per week, examination: summer s.:2/3, C [HT]
• Extent per academic year: 75 [hours]
• Capacity: unlimited
• Min. number of students: unlimited
• 4EU+: no
• Virtual mobility / capacity: no
• State of the course: taught
• Language: English
• Teaching methods: full-time
• Explanation: Perlík
• Old code: 51
• Guarantor: prof. MUDr. Ondřej Slanař, Ph.D.
• Comes under: Compulsory for GM 3.y._24/25
• Attributes: Lékařství; Teoretický předmět
• Pre-requisite : B83119, B83120
• Interchangeability : B80051
• Is pre-requisite for: B80122, B80386
• Is interchangeable with: B80051

Annotation

Pharmacology is a dynamically developing field in which the knowledge of physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology is closely intertwined. It is also a field reflecting the clinical aspects of the disease. Although the number of authorized drugs increases every year, it is also necessary to be aware of the complicated path that a potentially effective newly discovered drug substance must go before it can be evaluated in clinical trials and reach the patient. Even then, however, her life cycle does not end. Even after its introduction into routine clinical practice, its safety is constantly monitored and in the event of the discovery of another substance with a better efficacy-safety profile, it is completely replaced. There are not many active substances that are commonly used for several decades.

Last update: Kolářová Jana (11.02.2020)

Aim of the course

Knowledge and skills to be acquired: prescription, knowledge of basic principles of general pharmacology - pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics. Knowledge of basic principles of special pharmacology - knowledge of group characteristics of drugs according to anatomical systems and their diseases, including clinical indications and side effects.

Last update: Kolářová Jana (11.02.2020)

Literature

Povinná:

• B.G.Katzung (editor). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. OH, United States: The McGraw Hill Companies, 2017, 1264 s. ISBN 10 1259641155.
• R.A. Harvey, Clark M.A, R. Finkel, J.A. Ray, K.W. Whalen (eds.). Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Pharmacology. Philadelphia, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2018, 608 s. ISBN 10-1451113145.
• H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter (eds.). Pharmacology. London, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 8th edition, 2019, 776 s. ISBN 10-0702053627.
• L.L. Brunton, K.L. Parker (eds.), D.K Blumenthal., I.L Buxton. Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. New York City: McGraw-Hill, 2014, 642 s. ISBN 10-0071443436.

Last update: Kolářová Jana (11.02.2020)

Teaching methods

Dear Students,

pharmacology is taught according to syllabus (education plan) published in the SIS. Teachers are available to you by prior arrangement for possible personal consultations - for contacts see Kontakty - Farmakologický ústav (cuni.cz). 

 

Organization of teaching of the master's form of study at the Institute of Pharmacology of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, for the summer semester:

 

Lectures

- take place always on Wednesdays from 12.45 to 14.15 in the lecture hall of the Institute of Pharmacology (FARMP1, 2nd floor of the Purkinje Institute, Albertov 4), unless otherwise stated in the SIS (see Education plan). Due to the reconstruction of the auditorium, lectures will be held until further notice in the auditorium of the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, HYGEP1 - Studničkova 7 (secretariat Mgr. Brücknerová, line 8534).

 

Seminars

- Attendance at seminars held in a full-time form remains mandatory.

- Passing the compulsory tests listed for the given subject in the syllabus (see Education plan). 

- For the list of seminar rooms and group teachers see below

 

Credit - conditions for granting credit:

1. full-time completion of practical training (maximum 2 absences on seminars are allowed);

2. successful passing of 4 compulsory tests given by the subject syllabus (see "Education plan" in SIS).

 

 

If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us.

MUDr. Nikolina Kutinová Canová, Ph.D. ([e-mail] ), representative for teaching 

prof. MUDr. Ondřej Slanař, Ph.D. ([e-mail] ), head of the department

  

A list of seminar rooms and group teachers for summer semester 2023/2024:

Monday from 2:30 PM to 4:45 PM

3051 – PharmDr. Merdita – door No.  2080 (35) classroom  2

3052 – MUDr. Ryšánek, Ph.D.  - door No.1133 (25) classroom 3

3053 – MUDr. Bartošová, Ph.D. +  MUDr. Kutinová Canová, Ph.D. - door No. 3051 (42) classroom 1

 

Thurday from 2:30 PM to 4:45 PM

3054 – PharmDr. Merdita (till March 8, 2024) + Mgr. Arora  (MUDr. Kutinová Canová, Ph.D.) - door No.2080 (35) classroom 2

3055 – PharmDr. Hartinger, Ph.D. + MUDr. Hronová, Ph.D. - door No. 1133 (25) classroom 3

3056 – PharmDr. Štenglová Netíková, Ph.D. - door No. 3051 (42) classroom 1

 

Last update: Canová Nikolina, MUDr., Ph.D. (01.02.2024)

Requirements to the exam

Pharmacology 1 is completed by credit.

Conditions for granting credit from pharmacology
• active participation in seminars, maximum two absences
• Successful completion of all tests according to the seminar program

Pharmacology final questions exam from 2020/2021

1.
- Adrenergic mediation (adrenergic neurotransmission, types of receptors, their localization and function, classification of substances affecting sympathetic drugs - substances acting directly and indirectly).
- Hypnotics, sedatives.

2.
- Cholinergic mediation (cholinergic transmission, cholinergic receptors, their localization and influ-enced functions, main uses of particular groups of cholinergic substances).
- Drugs affecting bone mineral homeostasis, osteoporosis treatment.

3.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, mechanism of action, therapeutic use, adverse reactions (including adverse reactions of specific COX-2 inhibitors).
- Combination of antimicrobial agents; advantages and disadvantages, examples of synergism and antagonism of individual combinations.

4.
- General anesthetics and medicines used for premedication.
- Drug distribution in the body (volume of distribution - importance for drug dosing); one or more compartment models; zero and first order in pharmacokinetics.

5.
- Noninsulin antidiabetics.
- Central muscle relaxants - mechanism of action, therapeutic and adverse effects.

6.
- Pharmacokinetics; basic parameters and formulas for calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters, importance of individual parameters.
- Anticoagulants, including NOAC (new oral anticoagulants).

7.
- Diuretics (classification, mechanisms of action; therapeutic use of individual groups of diuretics).
- Principles of pain management - analgesics

8.
- Antiepileptic drugs (groups of antiepileptic drugs including newer drugs, mechanism of action, principles of antiepileptic drug administration, drug choice for different types of epilepsy).
- Treatment of anaphylactic shock.

9.
- Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia and other degenerative CNS diseases - current possi-bilities of pharmacotherapy.
- Dose-response (dose types, dose-effect relationship, plasma level-effect, therapeutic range, therapeutic index).

10.
- β sympatholytics (classification; cardiac and non-cardiac indications of administration, adverse reactions).
- Special features of pharmacotherapy in pregnancy and lactation; teratogenic effects of drugs; medicines that can be used during pregnancy in severe conditions (hypertension, diabetes, bron-chial asthma, infectious diseases, epilepsy).

11.
- Ionotropics and medicines used in acute heart failure.
- Drugs used against herpes viruses, influenza viruses and infectious hepatitis (review).

12.
- Neuroleptics (including atypical neuroleptics).
- Clinical trials, bioequivalence studies, evidence-based pharmacotherapy.

13.
- Antimanics and antidepressants (groups of antidepressants including SSRIs, SNRIs, etc.).
- Thyroid drugs.

14.
- Intoxication drugs; principles of patient care, antidotes.
- Antiasthmatics

15.
- Time course of drug levels in the body. Importance for substance dosing optimization. Therapeu-tic drug monitoring (examples).

- Macrolides and antibiotics related to macrolides.

16.
- Therapeutic options to reduce the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; impor-tance for prognosis in cardiovascular diseases.
- Androgens and antiandrogens - effects and therapeutic use.

17.
- Biological, gene therapy, orphan drugs - meaning, examples.
- Glucocorticosteroids - therapeutic use, side effects.

18.
- Medicines used in dermatology.
- Side and adverse effects of drugs - classification (dose-dependent - specific examples). Impor-tance of pharmacovigilance.

19.
- Drugs used in angina (group review, other indications, side effects, absolute contraindications).
- Side effects of antibiotics (allergic reactions, toxic effects on the nervous system, locomotive organs, gastrointestinal, haematopoietic, cardiovascular, nephrotoxicity) - examples.

20.
- Alpha and beta sympathomimetics (classification according to selectivity, therapeutic use, adver-se effects).
- Drug delivery routes to the body (relationship of the mode of administration to the rate and du-ration of action of the drug, relationship to the pharmacokinetics of the substance); dosage forms.

21.
- Second choise antihypertensive drugs.
- Antifungals for general and local use.

22.
- Drugs used to treat obesity and metabolic syndrome.
- Alkylating agents in cancer chemotherapy; mechanism of cytotoxic effect, adverse effects and toxicity, therapeutic use.

23.
- Importance of increased sympathetic activity in cardiovascular diseases - therapeutic possibilities of its reduction.
- Opioid analgesics.

24.
- First-line antihypertensive drugs.
- Antituberculotics.

25.
- Parasympathomimetics (indication of administration, side effects).
- Antiemetics, antimigraines.

26.
- Betalactam antibiotics (except cephalosporins).
- Special features of pharmacotherapy and drug dosage in children and the elderly. Dose ad-justment depending on elimination organ function.

27.
- Local anesthetics, overview of substances, intoxication with local anesthetics.
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory and other drugs used in non-specific inflammatory bowel disease (including biological drugs).

28.
- The mechanism of action of drugs at the molecular level; drug-specific target structures; drugs with receptor independent effects (examples).
- Cephalosporins (differences between groups, clinical use).

29.
- Therapeutic use of anticholinergic agents.
- Female sex hormones, hormonal contraceptives in women, hormone replacement therapy.

30.
- Biotransformation of drugs and its importance for the excretion of drugs from the body (types of biotransfor-mations, enzyme induction and inhibition).
- Chemotherapy of malignant tumors; classification, resistance to cytotoxic agents; hormonal sub-stances in the treatment of malignant tumors, newly developed substances (biological drugs, kina-se inhibitors, immunotherapeutics, etc.).

31.
- Pharmacotherapy of chronic heart failure.
- Laxatives and constipantion.

32.
- Peripheral muscle relaxants.
- Blood, plasma, blood substitutes; antianemics

33.
- Coronary vasodilators and agents used in ischemic heart disease.
- Tocolytics, uterotonics and uterine-inducing drugs (prostaglandins).

34.
- Antiplatelet and fibrinolytics. Hemostatics, antifibrynollytics.
- Anabolic steroids - therapeutic use and abuse in athletes.

35.
- Alpha-adrenergic sympatholytics, direct vasodilators, venopharmaceuticals.
- Antirheumatics, antiuratics.

36.
- Calcium channel inhibitors.
- Drug interactions: types of interactions, interactions with food (examples). Polypragmasia.

37.
- Interindividual variability in patient sensitivity to drugs (causes). Pharmacogenetics (importance, practical use, examples).
- Antiarrhythmics (classification, mechanism of action); preferentially used antiarrhythmic drugs (including new substances).

38.
- Antihistamines (classification, therapeutic indications, side effects).
- Antimetabolites, antibiotics and plant alkaloids in the treatment of cancer.

39.
- Basic quantitative aspects of pharmacon-receptor interaction (affinity, in-trinsic activity); ago-nism, partial agonism, competitive and non-competitive antagonism (graphically plotted on dose / concentration curve).
- Immunosuppressants, immunomodulants (clinical application of immu-nosuppressants, relation-ship betwe-en immunotherapy and tumor chemotherapy).

40.
- Substances used to treat allergic reactions.
- Tetracyclines and related antibiotics, glycopeptide antibiotics, lincosamides, nitroimidazoles, chemotherapeutic agents inhibiting folic acid pro-duction.

41.
- Antihypertensive overview; position of beta blockers among antihypertensives, beta blockers with vasodilatory effect.
- Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones and their inhibitors - overview, clinical use.

42.
- Drugs used to treat gastroduodenal ulcer disease.
- Antiviral agents; drugs used to treat patients with HIV / AIDS (mechanisms of action, clinical use, side effects).

43.
- Drugs used in cardiology in acute conditions (acute heart failure, myocar-dial infarction, hyper-tensive crisis).
- Substances used in erectile dysfunction.

44.
- Antibiotics for special uses (antistaphylococcal, anaerobes, legionella, chlamydia and pseudomo-nads).
- Antitussives and expectorants; decongestion.

45.
- Aminoglycosides; mechanism of action, indications, side effects.
- Anxiolytics.

46.
- GIT spasmolytics and drugs affecting intestinal motility. Spasmoanalgesia.
- Adrenal cortex hormones (pharmacodynamic effects, indication of administration, adverse re-actions); adrenocortical biosynthesis inhibitors.

47.
- Basic pharmacokinetic parameters affecting steady-state drug levels - elimination constant, eli-mination half-life, drug clearance, renal and non-renal clearance.
- Treatment of addictions; smoking and drug interactions.

48.
- Psychostimulants (clinical use, drug dependence) and nootropic agents.
- Fluoroquinolones, quinolones and medicines for the treatment of urinary infections.

49.
- Hypolipidemics
- Antiprotozoal agents. Clinically used anthelmintics.

50.
Pancreatic hormones; insulin (mechanism of action, types of insulins and their use in the tre-atment of diabetes mellitus).
- Bronchodilators, COPD pharmacotherapy (review).

Rules of pharmacology examinations at the Pharmacological Institute of the First Faculty of Medicine
List of exam dates
All exam dates will be announced on SIS at the latest by the end of the 5th week of the semester. The number of exam dates is fixed and finite.

Exam dates for the summer semester will be announced by the end of the 5th week at the latest.
Login to summer semester:
Pre-exam dates and regular exam dates (from the 7th week in the semester)
summer holidays (from the 3rd week of the regular exam period SS)
2nd part of the exam period SS in September (after the end of holiday exam dates)

Rules for enrollment and check-out
The start of recording of exam dates will be indicated in the SIS and will be different for different groups of dates:
• pre- exam dates (from the 7th week in the semester)
• regular examination period (from the 7th week in the semester)
• first 2 weeks in SS for examinations (from the 3rd week of regular exam period)
• summer holidays (from the 3rd week of the regular exam period SS)
• 2nd part of the examination period in September (after the end of the holiday period)

A student can apply for only one exam date at a time. He / she can enroll for the next exam date after the "failed" classification or after logging off from the previous exam date (see below).
The student can take the exam only if he / she is enrolled for the exam date in SIS and has fulfilled all the requisites for the exam.
Enrollment for the exam is not conditioned by the granting of credit, but the examination is in ad-dition to the credit of the subject is limited by the completion of the subject, which is a (pre) requi-site. A student who does not have the requisites will be deleted from the exam before the exam, and he will receive an e-mail. The exam date is not lost.
Enrollment for the dates will be possible within 24 hours before the exam. Check-out will be pos-sible up to 48 hours before the exam.

Failure to attend the exam and apology
The student must apologize to the assistant Olga Bartošová ([e-mail], tel. [phone]) in writing or electronically, explaining and substantiating the reason for the apology.
The student will be informed about the acceptance of the excuse and will be removed from the original exam date and will be able to register for a new exam date. The head of the subject may request clarification of the apology or its reason if the apology is not sufficient.

Retesting the exam
The student has the right to take the exam no more than three times; However, if the student do-es not exhaust these possibilities within the announced deadlines, this does not constitute a right to announce a special exam date.
Further exam dates will not be announced.

Examination rules
The extent of knowledge required for the exam is defined by exam questions, pharmacology text-book and content of lectures and seminars. It is assumed that the student will acquire some know-ledge by self-study and that he / she will be able to apply the knowledge he / she acquired during the study of other subjects.
The exam consists of two parts - written and oral. For the 1st and 2nd correction exam the student does not have to meet the point limit of the test.
It is not allowed to use Pharmindex Brever or other drug databases during the test.

1. Written part
a. Test
Includes questions from the winter and summer semester. Students must pass a test with a limit of at least 70% correctly answered questions. If they do not meet the limit they are classified "failed".
Students do not have to meet the point limit of the test at the 1st and 2nd correction exam.
Test results are taken into account in the final evaluation (failure to meet the point limit may result in a significant reduction in the final evaluation of the exam).

b. Recipe
It consists of a written prescription of two products. Significant ignorance may be the reason for the failure of the whole exam.

2. Oral part
It consists of 2 questions that are drawn.
If the student is on the second correction exam (third exam) is examined by a committee of at least two examiners.

Last update: Canová Nikolina, MUDr., Ph.D. (15.02.2023)

Syllabus

Lectures:

What is pharmacology?

The scope of Pharmacology: goals, developmentof new drugs.

Pharmacokinetics I - basic principles, absorption and distribution of drugs.

Prescriptions I - (Brand name drugs), AISLP (automated information system for pharmaceutical preparations).

Pharmacokinetics II - drug elimination and clinical significance. Pharmacodynamics I - mechanisms of drug action.

Pharmacodynamics II - quantitative aspects of drug action; receptor-ligand system. Side effects of drugs; principles of gene therapy.

Drugs affecting autonomic nervous system, general principles; Sympathomimetics; Sympatholytics.

Drugs affecting autonomic nervous system, parasympathomimetics; parasympatholytics; peripheral skeletal muscle relaxants.

Local anesthetics. Introduction to drugs acting on CNS.

General anesthetics, preanaesthetic medication. Psychopharmacology; classification of main groups; neuroleptics.

Antidepressants, antimanics, psychostimulants.Nootropic and cognitive drugs, possible pharmacological intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.

Pharmacology of pain; opioid analgesics. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Hypnotics and anxiolytics. Antiepileptics.

Nitric oxide, donors and inhibitors and clinical implications. Drugs used in angina pectoris.

Diuretics. Drugs used in heart failure.

Antiarrhytmics. Drugs acting on the coagulation, platelet adhesion and fibrinolysis. Drug used in anemias; hematopoietic growth factors.

Drugs used in GIT diseases. Drugs used for treatment respiratory diseases.

Hormones as drugs, an overview.

Seminars:

Basic principles of drug prescription. Demonstration of pharmaceutical formulations and applications.

Prescriptions II - compounded prescriptions prepared by the pharmacist ("magisterial prescriptions"). Possible guided tour to the teaching hospital pharmacy.

Clinical implications of pharmacokinetic analyses, computer simulations. Possible guided tour to the teaching hospital pharmacy.

Molecular mechanism of drug action - computer simulations, TEST on prescription writing.

Biotransformation of drugs - significance of enzyme induction and inhibition; computer simulations. Laboratory demonstration.

Metabolism of drugs - pharmacogenetics; computer simulations. TEST on pharmacokinetics. Laboratory demonstration.

Drug interactions, drug poisoning. Laboratory demonstration.

Antiparkinsonics; computer simulations. TEST on pharmacodynamics.

H1 and H2 antihistamines - therapeutic uses of autacoids.

Ethanol and other drugs of abuse; drug dependence, computer simulation. Student´s seminar on a given topic

Neuroleptics (pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia - computer simulation. Students´seminar on a given topic)

Pharmacology of bronchial asthma (Computer simulation). TEST on ANS.

Corticosteroids as drugs and adrenocortical antagonists.

Last update: Kolářová Jana (11.02.2020)