|
|
|
||
|
The subject is focused on medical chemistry for dentist. Inorganic and organic chemistry concentrated on nutrition, toxicology and especially on stomatologic materials (alloys, amalgams, dental cements, silicates and synthetic materials).
The students should manage the basic work in the chemical laboratory, the inorganic, organic and biochemical analysis and acqaint with the principles of use of dental materials.
Last update: Topičová Vladěna (22.09.2007)
|
|
||
|
Credit requirements and rules for performance of examination: see web pages of institute Last update: Fialová Lenka, MUDr., CSc. (16.05.2019)
|
|
||
|
H.S. Stoker: General, Organic and Biological Chemistry. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, (latest edition).
J.F. McCabe, A.W.G. Walls: Applied Dental Materials. Blackwell Publishing (Wiley-Blackwell) (latest edition)
Last update: Štípek Stanislav, prof. MUDr., DrSc. (16.06.2010)
|
|
||
|
||
|
General and Physical Chemistry 1. Structure of atom – basic principles. Models of atom. 2. Basic laws of chemistry. 3. Chemical bonds and bond energy. Electronegativity of elements – significance for properties of bonds in molecules. Covalent bond. Polarity of covalent bond. Ionic bond. 4. Coordination compounds – examples and significance. 5. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonds. 6. Solutions – general properties. Expressions of solution composition and concentration. 7. Solubility of substances. Solubility product. 8. Water as a solvent and medium. Properties of water. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Eluotropic series of solvents. 9. Chemical reactions. Collision theory, activated complex theory. Types of chemical reactions, examples. 10. Thermochemistry. The laws of thermochemistry. Exothermic and endothermic reactions. 11. The laws of thermodynamics. Entropy, enthalpy and free energy. 12. Kinetics of chemical reactions. Effects of reaction conditions on reaction rates. Catalysts. 13. Chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium constant. 14. Electrolytes, electrolytic dissociation. Ionic strength of solutions – calculation, significance. 15. Theories of acids and bases. Protolytic reactions. Dissociation constant. Dissociation of acids and bases. 16. pH – expressions of acidity or alkalinity of solutions. Autoprotolysis of water. Ionic product of water. 17. Hydrolysis of salts. pH of salt solutions. Ampholytes and polyelectrolytes. Isoelectric point. Electrophoresis. 18. Buffers – theory and importance in chemistry and biology. Calculation of pH of buffers. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. 19. Reactions of acids and bases. Neutralization. Titration curves. 20. Oxidation and reduction. Redox potential, electrochemical series of metals. 21. Dispersion systems – properties, classification. 22. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids – examples and properties. Colloid solutions – general properties. 23. Diffusion, dialysis and ultrafiltration. Osmotic phenomena – importance in chemistry. Donnan equilibrium. 24. Processes at phase boundaries. Chromatography – kinds, significance for medicine. 25. Crystals. Crystal lattice. Structure of crystals.
Inorganic Chemistry 1. Macro- and microbiogenic elements. 2. GroupIa elements (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) – medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds, their significance. 3. Hydrogen and its medically and toxicologically relevant compounds. 4. Water – properties and significance. 5. Sodium and potassium, their important compounds – biological and medical significance. 6. Group IIa elements (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) – medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds, their significance. 7. Calcium and magnesium, their important compounds – biological and medical significance. 8. Beryllium, barium and strontium – toxicological significance. 9. Group IIIa elements (B,Al,Ga, In, Tl) – medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds, their significance. 10. Group IVa elements (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) – medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds, their significance. 11. Carbon and its important inorganic compounds. 12. GroupVa elements (N, P, As, Sb, Bi) – medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds, their significance. 13. Phosphorus and nitrogen, their compounds – biological and medical significance. 14. Group VIa elements (O, S, Se, Te,Po) – medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds, their significance. 15. Sulfur and its important compounds – biological and medical significance. 16. Oxygen and its medically relevant compounds. 17. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At) and their medically and toxicologically relevant compounds. Fluoride compounds in dentistry. 18. Group Ib metals (Cu, Ag, Au) and their compounds – medical and toxicological significance. 19. Group IIb elements (Zn, Cd, Hg) and their compounds – medical and toxicological significance. 20. Group VIIIb metals (Fe and Pt triads) and their compounds – medical and toxicological significance. 21. Arsenic, antimony and bismuth – medical and toxicological significance. 22. Cadmium and mercury – medical and toxicological significance. 23. Medically and toxicologically relevant elements and compounds of groups IVb – VIIb elements (Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc). 24. Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur – biological, medical and toxicological significance. 25. Inorganic acids significant from the medical and toxicological point of view.
Organic Chemistry and Essentials of Biochemistry 1. Chemical bonds in molecules of organic compounds. Bond sigma and pi. 2. Isomerism of organic compounds. Formulas of organic compounds. 3. Basic types of organic reactions, examples. 4. Hydrocarbons – classification. Aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons. 5. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes). 6. Alcohols and phenols. 7. Aldehydes and ketones. Acetals and hemiacetals. Ethers. 8. Thioalcohols, significance of thiol group, examples of other organic compounds of sulfur that are significant from medical point of view. 9. Carboxylic acids – properties, classification, significant representatives. 10. Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids. Anhydrides of organic and inorganic acids. Esters of organic and inorganic acids. 11. Substitution derivatives of carboxylic acids. 12. Amines. Nitro compounds. Halogenated hydrocarbons. 13. Amino acids – properties, classification, and biological significance. 14. Heterocyclic compounds. Heterocycles containing nitrogen. Heterocycles containing oxygen and sulfur. 15. Pyrimidines and purines. 16. Proteins. Peptidic bond – origin, properties, significance. Structure of proteins, bonds that stabilize protein structure. 17. Saccharides – properties, structure, classification, significance. 18. Vitamins – classification, basic structure, significance. 19. Lipids – properties, classification, structure, significance. 20. Steroids and terpenes – properties, classification, structure, examples. 21. Nucleosides and nucleotides. Nucleic acids. 22. Examples of natural and synthetic substances used in medicine. Alkaloids. 23. Surface-active substances (soaps, tensides). Examples of substances acting as disinfectants. 24. Polymers natural and synthetic, classification according to structure. 25. Polymerization, polycondensation, polyaddition.
Dental Materials 1. Characteristics of dental metallic materials (metallic bond, crystal structure, crystallization process). 2. Dental amalgams. 3. Classification of dental metals and alloys. 4. Dental alloys of noble and base metals. Solders. 5. Alloys for metal-ceramic dental restorations. 6. Casting dental alloys (technique, types of investment materials). 7. Overview of dental cements, classification according to composition and setting reaction. 8. Zinc phosphate, zinc oxide/polycarboxylate and MTA cements. 9. Salicylate, phenolate and resin cements. 10. Glass ionomer cements. 11. Resin-modified glass ionomer cements. 12. Gypsum products in dentistry. 13. Alginate and agar impression materials. 14. Elastomeric irreversible impression materials (polyethers, silicones, polysulfides). 15. Rigid impression materials (zinc oxide/eugenol, plaster, wax-resin). 16. Dental ceramic materials. 17. Structure and properties of polymers, usage of polymers in dentistry. 18. Polymerization reactions used in preparation of synthetic polymers as dental materials. 19. Polymethylmethacrylate and its usage in dentistry. 20. Composite materials and their usage in dentistry.
At the exam a student draws a quaternion of questions, containing one question from each category. Last update: Pláteník Jan, MUDr., Ph.D. (06.10.2021)
|
|
||
|
Lectures
Elements and inorganic compounds important in biochemistry, toxicology and dentistry I. Elements and inorganic compounds important in biochemistry, toxicology and dentistry II. Elements and inorganic compounds important in biochemistry, toxicology and dentistry III. Organic chemistry: stereochemistry, structures and classification of organic compounds Hydrocarbons and their derivatives - biological and toxicological importance Carboxylic acids and their derivatives Chemical bond. Water, solutions, dissolution. Chemical activity. Dissociation. Ionic strength. Colloids. Diffusion. Osmolarity. Acids and bases, pH. Neutralisation. Buffers. Thermodynamics, thermochemistry. Chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics. Catalysis. Redox reactions. Basics of electrochemistry. Galvanic and electrochemical cell. Energetics of chemical reactions. Heterocyclic compounds and derived substances. Alkaloids. Lipids - structure and properties. Fatty acids. Saccharides and polysaccharides: significance in biochemistry and dentistry. Seminars Inorganic materials in dentistry: Amalgams. Toxicology of mercury. Inorganic materials in dentistry: Metals and alloys. Dental material science I: Polymer materials Dental material science II: Composite materials Dental material science III: Cements Dental material science IV: Dental ceramic materials Dental material science V: Gypsum products and investment materials. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Ionic equations. Coordination compounds. Amino acids, proteins and enzymes Calculations involving concentrations. Stoichiometric calculations. Calculations involving pH, buffers. Calculation of osmolarity and osmotic pressure. Practical lessons Work with stomatologic plaster - dental cast Analysis of amalgam and dental cement. Demonstration of monomer in Duracryl resin. Reactivity of basic functional groups in organic compounds. Protein precipitation. Dialysis. Gel filtration. Galvanic cell in the mouth. Acid-base titration. Titration curves. Buffers and buffer capacity. Estimation of pH and titratable acidity of selected beverages. Last update: Kolářová Jana (31.01.2020)
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||