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Course, academic year 2023/2024
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Human cytogenetics - MB140P78
Title: Cytogenetika člověka
Guaranteed by: Department of Genetics and Microbiology (31-140)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2018
Semester: winter
E-Credits: 5
Examination process: winter s.:combined
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:2/2, C+Ex [HT]
Capacity: 25
Min. number of students: 10
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: cancelled
Language: Czech
Level: specialized
Note: enabled for web enrollment
the course is taught as cyclical
Guarantor: RNDr. Eduard Kočárek, Ph.D.
Is incompatible with: MB110P104, MB110P105
Opinion survey results   Examination dates   Schedule   
Annotation -
Last update: RNDr. Eduard Kočárek, Ph.D. (22.02.2013)
The semestral course is focused on clinical cytogenetics. It includes basic information about human karyotype and a recent knowledge of clinically important syndromes associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities. Particular attention is given to submicroscopic rearrangements. Cytogenetic analysis is widely applied in modern medical disciplines such as reproduction medicine and prenatal medicine. The course therefore involves overview of assisted reproduction techniques and preimplantation diagnostic methods. It also deals with chromosomal abnormalities associated with tumors. Discussionn about corresponding legislative and ethical issues and possible relationship to modern discoveries in genetics and genomics is involved in all of lectures. Practical tasks demonstrate modern methods of chromosomal analysis. Students will practice determination of chromosomal abnormalities and corresponding syndromes. The whole course in human cytogenetics is assigned for undergraduate and postgraduate students. We recommend previous attendance of lectures and practical courses in genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, developmental biology, and microscopic techniques.
Literature - Czech
Last update: IRLICHA (08.06.2006)

Beatty B., Mai S., Squire J.: FISH – A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002

Czepulkowski B.: Analyzing Chromosomes. Bios, Oxford, 2001

Hájek Z., Kulovaný E., Macek M.: Základy prenatální diagnostiky. Grada, Praha, 2000

Kapras J. a kol.: Kapitoly z lékařské biologie a genetiky I. skriptum UK 1.LF, Karolinum, Praha, 1996

Kočárek E., Pánek M., Novotná D.: Klinická cytogenetika I. skriptum UK 2.LF, Karolinum, Praha, 2006

Kočárek E.: Praktická cvičení z klinické cytogenetiky. skriptum UK 2.LF, Karolinum, Praha, 2006

Kolář Z.: Úvod do molekulární patologie a onkologie. skriptum LF UP, VUP, Olomouc, 1998

Mange E. J., Mange A. P.: Basic Human Genetics. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachussets, 1999

Mazura I. a kol.: Speciální metody molekulární biologie. skriptum PřFUK, Karolinum, Praha, 2001

Michalová K.: Úvod do lidské cytogenetiky. IDVPZ, Brno, 1999

Mitelman F. (Ed.) a kol.: ISCN1995 – An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Karger, Basel, 1995

Moore K.L., Persaud T.V.N.: Zrození člověka (Embryologie s klinickým zaměřením). ISV, Praha, 2002

Nussbaum R. L., McInnes R. R., Willard H. F.: Thompson & Thompson – Klinická genetika (překlad z anglického Thompson & Thompson – Genetics in Medicine). Triton, Praha, 2004

Passarge E.: Color Atlas of Genetics. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart – New York, 1995

Sršeň Š., Sršňová K.: Základy klinickej genetiky a jej molekulárna podstata (text ve slovenštině). Osveta, Martin, 2000

Sumner A.: Chromosomes – Organization and Function. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2003

Šmarda J.: Člověk v proudu dědičnosti (geny v lidském zdraví a nemoci). Grada, Praha, 1999

Verma S. V., Babu A.: Human Chromosomes – manual of basic techniques. Pergamon Press, New York, 1989

Wiedemann H.-R., Kunze K.J.: Atlas klinických syndromů pro kliniku a praxi (český překlad z německého originálu „Atlas der klinischen Syndromen für Klinik und Praxis“). Osveta, Martin, 1996

Zima J. a kol.: Genetické metody v zoologii. skriptum PřFUK, Karolinum, Praha, 2004

Žižka J.: Diagnostika syndromů a malformací. Galén, Praha, 1994

Requirements to the exam -
Last update: RNDr. Eduard Kočárek, Ph.D. (22.02.2013)

Student can sit the final exam only after getting a credit. The credit could be granted to students with minimum 80% presence on classes (lectures/seminars/practicals). Absences on more the 20% classes preclude granting a credit and sitting an exam.

The final exam is oral one. At the beginning of this exam student will draw the sheet with two questions. After this the student will have a time 15 minutes for a written preparation. After this time the student will start to ansver selected question. The student can decide which question will be answered first. The examiner can put additional questions to student.

All of questions are focused to practice knowledge from both lectures and seminars/practicals. It means that majority of questions contain some results of cytogenetic analysis or other similar material associated with the topic of the question. Students must therefore apply not only theoretical knowledge but properly describe results of concrete clinical cytogenetic examinations as well.

Syllabus -
Last update: RNDr. Eduard Kočárek, Ph.D. (22.02.2013)

1. Introduction to human cytogenetics, cell cycle, morphology of chromosomes, human karyotype, International System of Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN 2009)

2. Cytogenetic analysis, its importance in medicine; in vitro cultivation of cells, staining techniques, and banding methods, computer picture analysis of chromosomes; fluorescent microscopy, its application in human cytogenetics

3. Clinically important chromosomal abnormalities, cytogenetic syndromology

4. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities in humans, poloyploidies, non-disjunction defects and their etiology, aneuploidies, mosaicism; Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, numerical gonosomal abnormalities; corresponding ethical issues

5. Structural chromosomal abnormalities in humans, their etiology, chromosomal polymorphisms; balanced and unbalanced rearrangements - possible phenotypes and risk for the offspring

6. Submicroscopic (cryptic) chromosomal abnormalities, "contiguous gene syndromes", their etiology; genomic imprinting, DiGeorge (CATCH22) syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Prader-Willi/Angelman syndromes, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Miller-Dieker syndrome, subtelomeric rearrangements associated with mental retardation

7. Fragile sites on human chromosomes, their molecular mechanism; fragile X syndrome, its clinical features and inheritance

8. Information sources in clinical cytogenetics

9. Molecular cytogenetic analysis in clinical genetics; FISH method, its principle and modifications, FISH probes, their types and application, description of FISH results according to ISCN 2009

10. Cytogenetics in reproductive medicine, spermatogenesis and oogenesis, reproduction defects, assisted reproduction techniques, preimplantation genetic diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, ethical and legal issues associated with assisted reproduction

11. Gonosomal abnormalities and their clinical importance, gonadal dysgenesis, true hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism in humans, Turner syndrome and its forms, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY and XXX syndromes, X;Y translocations, their possible consequences

12. Prenatal cytogenetics, chromosomal aberrations in fetuses; noninvasive and invasive prenatal examinations, their ethical and legal issues, parental consent

13. Oncocytogenetics; protooncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes, their possible role in carcinogenesis; primary and secondary chromosomal abnormalities in tumors; germ-line and somatic abnormalities; hereditary tumors associated with chromosomal defects; chromosomal instability syndromes

14. Comprehensive Analysis of human karyotype by means of modern molecular cytogenetic techniques (mFISH, CGH)

15. Importance and application of modern genomics in cytogenetics, examples of modern molecular biological methods that are applied for analysis of chromosomal abnormalities (PCR in situ, PRINS, fluorescent quantitative PCR, MAPH, MLPA, arrayCGH)

16. Laboratory report describing results of cytogenetic analysis; scientific presentation of cytogenetic results - corresponding ethical and legal issues.

 
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