Koevolúcia sociálnych noriem a pomeru pohlaví

• Thesis title in thesis language (Slovak): Koevolúcia sociálnych noriem a pomeru pohlaví
• Thesis title in Czech: Koevoluce sociálních norem a poměru pohlaví
• Thesis title in English: Coevolution of social norms and sex ratio
• Key words: liberalismus, konzervativismus, Trivers-Willardova hypotéza, teorie podvojné dědičnosti, migrace
• English key words: liberalism, conservatism, Trivers–Willard hypothesis, Dual inheritance theory, migration
• Academic year of topic announcement: 2020/2021
• Thesis type: diploma thesis
• Thesis language: slovenština
• Department: Department of Botany (31-120)
• Supervisor: Mgr. Petr Tureček, Ph.D.
• Author: Mgr. Pavol Kukla - assigned and confirmed by the Study Dept.
• Date of registration: 13.11.2020
• Date of assignment: 13.11.2020
• Confirmed by Study dept. on: 13.11.2020
• Date of electronic submission: 06.01.2025
• Date of proceeded defence: 06.02.2025
• Opponents: prof. RNDr. Daniel Frynta, Ph.D.

Preliminary scope of work

Teorie podvojné dědičnosti vrhá světlo na komplikované interakce mezi biologickými a kulturními determinantami lidského chování, jejichž významnou složkou jsou sociální normy (Cavalli-Sforza a Feldman 1981). Ukazuje se, že v populaci dlouhodobě probíhá postupný příklon k liberálním hodnotám včetně tolerance k imigraci a multikulturalismu (Jylhä et al. 2019). Tento příklon však není univerzální, což vede v rámci řady státních útvarů k názorové polarizaci společnosti (Fiorina a Abrams 2008).

Některé studie rovněž poukazují na blízký vztah mezi poměrem pohlaví v populaci a chováním. Převládající narativ, že vychýlení poměru pohlaví ve prospěch většího zastoupení mužů vede ke vyšší kompetici mezi muži, a tedy ke zvýšené meziskupinové agresi (Drèze a Khera 2000). Tenhle narativ byl v poslední době několikrát přesvědčivě zpochybněn (Schacht et al. 2014), výsledky jsou však stále nejednoznačné (Filser et al. 2020). Ačkoliv je přirozený poměr pohlaví při narození napříč kulturami poměrně stabilní (West a Sheldon 2002), je dále významně modifikován selektivní infanticidou, zanedbáváním, a transnacionální migrací (United Nations 2019).

Muži tradičně vykazují vyšší ochotu stěhovat se za prací nebo studiem (Pessar a Mahler 2003), jakkoliv v posledních letech podíl žen mezi migranty stoupá (Donato a Gabaccia 2016). Ve státech s liberální imigrační politikou tedy časem očekáváme vyšší zastoupení mužů v populaci. To však může rovněž působit na kulturní evoluci sociálních norem směrem k vyšší meziskupinové toleranci, neboť se ukazuje, že největší míru xenofobie vykazují společnosti, kde mají lidé s imigranty nejméně zkušeností (Crepaz a Damron 2009).

Dlouhodobé rozdíly v míře imigrace a emigrace mohou v posledku ovlivnit i poměr pohlaví při narození. Geny rodičů s vyšší tendencí plodit přednostně životaschopné mužské potomstvo, budou s větší pravděpodobností cestovat na větší vzdálenosti a budou se hromadit v oblastech s nejvyšší mírou imigrace (Kanazawa 2007). Poměr pohlaví při narození je navíc ovlivňován nejen geneticky ale i environmentálně a behaviorálně (Trivers a Willard 1973; Gaulin a Robbins 1991). Bohatým a šťastným rodičům se rodí více mužských potomků (Cameron a Dalerum 2009), naopak zbídačeným párům se rodí více dcer (Bereczkei a Dunbar 1997), což může dále vstupovat do vztahu mezi poměrem pohlaví u potomstva imigrantů a mírou tolerance migrace v cílové společnosti .

Těžištěm práce bude vytvoření matematického modelu koevoluce morálních norem, tolerance a imigrace. Předchází zvýšená imigrace zvýšené toleranci nebo naopak? Předchází vychýlení poměru pohlaví zvýšené toleranci mužských, potažmo ženských imigrantů? Na tyto otázky nám může dát odpověď šikovná statistická analýza velkých volně dostupných časosběrných datasetů (United Nations 2019; Gallup, Inc. 2020)

BERECZKEI, Tamas a R. I. M. DUNBAR, 1997. Female-biased reproductive strategies in a Hungarian Gypsy population. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.264(1378), 17–22. ISSN 0962-8452.

CAMERON, Elissa Z. a Fredrik DALERUM, 2009. A Trivers-Willard Effect in Contemporary Humans: Male-Biased Sex Ratios among Billionaires. PLOS ONE.4(1), e4195. ISSN 1932-6203.

CAVALLI-SFORZA, L. L. a Marcus W. FELDMAN, 1981. Cultural transmission and evolution: a quantitative approach. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Monographs in population biology, 16. ISBN 978-0-691-08280-6.

CREPAZ, Markus M. L. a Regan DAMRON, 2009. Constructing Tolerance: How the Welfare State Shapes Attitudes About Immigrants. Comparative Political Studies.42(3), 437–463. ISSN 0010-4140.

DONATO, Katharine M. a Donna R. GABACCIA, 2016. Gender and international migration: from the slavery era to the global age. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-546-6.

DRÈZE, Jean a Reetika KHERA, 2000. Crime, Gender, and Society in India: Insights from Homicide Data. Population and Development Review.26(2), 335–352. ISSN 0098-7921.

FILSER, Andreas, Kieron BARCLAY, Amber BECKLEY, Caroline UGGLA a Sebastian SCHNETTLER, 2020. Are skewed sex ratios associated with violent crime? A longitudinal analysis using Swedish register data. Evolution and Human Behavior [v tisku]. ISSN 1090-5138.

FIORINA, Morris P. a Samuel J. ABRAMS, 2008. Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science.11(1), 563–588. ISSN 1094-2939.

GALLUP, INC., 2020. Global Research [online] [vid. 2020-11-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.gallup.com/analytics/318875/global-research.aspx

GAULIN, Steven J. C. a Carole J. ROBBINS, 1991. Trivers-Willard effect in contemporary North American society. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.85(1), 61–69. ISSN 1096-8644.

JYLHÄ, Kirsti M., Jens RYDGREN a Pontus STRIMLING, 2019. Radical right-wing voters from right and left: Comparing Sweden Democrat voters who previously voted for the Conservative Party or the Social Democratic Party. Scandinavian Political Studies.42(3–4), 220–244. ISSN 1467-9477.

KANAZAWA, Satoshi, 2007. Big and tall soldiers are more likely to survive battle: a possible explanation for the ‘returning soldier effect’ on the secondary sex ratio. Human Reproduction [online].22(11), 3002–3008. ISSN 0268-1161.

PESSAR, Patricia R. a Sarah J. MAHLER, 2003. Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender In. International Migration Review.37(3), 812–846. ISSN 1747-7379.

SCHACHT, Ryan, Kristin Liv RAUCH a Monique BORGERHOFF MULDER, 2014. Too many men: the violence problem? Trends in Ecology & Evolution.29(4), 214–222. ISSN 0169-5347.

TRIVERS, Robert L. a Dan E. WILLARD, 1973. Natural Selection of Parental Ability to Vary the Sex Ratio of Offspring. Science.179(4068), 90–92. ISSN 0036-8075.

UNITED NATIONS, 2019. World Population Prospects [online] [vid. 2020-11-10]. Dostupné z: https://population.un.org/wpp/

WEST, Stuart A. a Ben C. SHELDON, 2002. Constraints in the Evolution of Sex Ratio Adjustment. Science.295(5560), 1685–1688. ISSN 0036-8075.

Preliminary scope of work in English

Dual inheritance theory provides us with insight into the complicated interaction between biological and cultural determinants of human behaviour, an important aspect of which are social norms (Cavalli-Sforza, Feldman 1981). It shows that there is a population trend to gradually lean towards liberal values, including immigration acceptance and multiculturalism (Jylhä, Rydgren, Strimling 2019). However, this inclination is not universal, which in many states results in society’s polarization (Fiorina, Abrams 2008).

Several studies bring up a close relationship between sex ratio in population and behaviour. The prevailing narrative states that the male-biased sex ratio leads to intensified competition between men and higher intergroup aggression (Drèze, Khera 2000). This narrative has been recently persuasively challenged on numerous occasions (Schacht, Rauch, Borgerhoff Mulder 2014), but the results remain ambiguous (Filser, Barclay, Beckley, Uggla, Schnettler 2020). Although the sex ratio at birth appears cross-culturally relatively stable (West, Sheldon 2002), it is further significantly modified by selective infanticide, child neglect, and transnational migration (United Nations 2019).

Traditionally, men are more willing to migrate for work or education (Pessar, Mahler 2003), though in recent years, the proportion of women among migrants has increased (Donato, Gabaccia 2016). In states with liberal immigration policies, we then expect a higher representation of men in the population, which can also influence cultural evolution of social norms towards higher intergroup tolerance, because as it seems, the highest rate of xenophobia is present in societies with the least experience with migrants (Crepaz, Damron 2009).

Long term differences between immigration and emigration rates can, in the end, influence the sex ratio at birth. Genes of the parents with higher tendencies to beget viable male offspring are most likely to travel longer distances and gather in areas with the highest immigration rate (Kanazawa 2007). Besides, the sex ratio at birth is influenced not only genetically but also environmentally and behaviourally (Gaulin, Robbins 1991; Trivers, Willard 1973). Wealthy and satisfied parents produce more male offspring (Cameron, Dalerum 2009), while[TP1] poor parents produce more females (Bereczkei, Dunbar 1997), which can then also affect the relation of the migrant sex ratio and migrant acceptance at the target society.

The thesis’s focus aims to formulate a mathematical model of coevolution between social norms, tolerance, and immigration. Does increased immigration precede increased tolerance or vice versa? Does bias in sex ratio precede an increase in the tolerance towards male or possibly female immigrants? Answers to these questions could arise from statistical analyses of available big time-series datasets (Gallup, Inc. 2020; United Nations 2019).

BERECZKEI, Tamas and DUNBAR, R. I. M., 1997. Female-biased reproductive strategies in a Hungarian Gypsy population. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 22 January 1997. Vol. 264, no. 1378, p. 17–22.

CAMERON, Elissa Z. and DALERUM, Fredrik, 2009. A Trivers-Willard Effect in Contemporary Humans: Male-Biased Sex Ratios among Billionaires. PLOS ONE. 14 January 2009. Vol. 4, no. 1, p. e4195.

CAVALLI-SFORZA, L. L. and FELDMAN, Marcus W., 1981. Cultural transmission and evolution: a quantitative approach. Monographs in population biology, 16. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08280-6.

CREPAZ, Markus M. L. and DAMRON, Regan, 2009. Constructing Tolerance: How the Welfare State Shapes Attitudes About Immigrants. Comparative Political Studies. 1 March 2009. Vol. 42, no. 3, p. 437–463.

DONATO, Katharine M. and GABACCIA, Donna R., 2016. Gender and international migration: from the slavery era to the global age. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-546-6.

DRÈZE, Jean and KHERA, Reetika, 2000. Crime, Gender, and Society in India: Insights from Homicide Data. Population and Development Review. June 2000. Vol. 26, no. 2, p. 335–352.

FILSER, Andreas, BARCLAY, Kieron, BECKLEY, Amber, UGGLA, Caroline and SCHNETTLER, Sebastian, 2020 (in press). Are skewed sex ratios associated with violent crime? A longitudinal analysis using Swedish register data. Evolution and Human Behavior . 12 October 2020.

FIORINA, Morris P. and ABRAMS, Samuel J., 2008. Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science. 15 June 2008. Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 563–588.

GALLUP, INC., 2020. Global Research. [online]. 2020. [Accessed 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.gallup.com/analytics/318875/global-research.aspx

GAULIN, Steven J. C. and ROBBINS, Carole J., 1991. Trivers-Willard effect in contemporary North American society. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. May 1991. Vol. 85, no. 1, p. 61–69.

JYLHÄ, Kirsti M., RYDGREN, Jens and STRIMLING, Pontus, 2019. Radical right-wing voters from right and left: Comparing Sweden Democrat voters who previously voted for the Conservative Party or the Social Democratic Party. Scandinavian Political Studies. 21 July 2019. Vol. 42, no. 3–4, p. 220–244.

KANAZAWA, Satoshi, 2007. Big and tall soldiers are more likely to survive battle: a possible explanation for the ‘returning soldier effect’ on the secondary sex ratio. Human Reproduction. 1 November 2007. Vol. 22, no. 11, p. 3002–3008.

PESSAR, Patricia R. and MAHLER, Sarah J., 2003. Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender In. International Migration Review. 23 February 2003. Vol. 37, no. 3, p. 812–846.

SCHACHT, Ryan, RAUCH, Kristin Liv and BORGERHOFF MULDER, Monique, 2014. Too many men: the violence problem? Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 1 April 2014. Vol. 29, no. 4, p. 214–222.

TRIVERS, Robert L. and WILLARD, Dan E., 1973. Natural Selection of Parental Ability to Vary the Sex Ratio of Offspring. Science. 5 January 1973. Vol. 179, no. 4068, p. 90–92.

UNITED NATIONS, 2019. World Population Prospects. [online]. 2019. [Accessed 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/

WEST, Stuart A. and SHELDON, Ben C., 2002. Constraints in the Evolution of Sex Ratio Adjustment. Science. 1 March 2002. Vol. 295, no. 5560, p. 1685–1688.