Development of the Iconography of the Holy Women at the Empty Tomb (Visitatio Sepulchri) in Light of the Medieval Church Music-Drama

• Thesis title in Czech: Vývoj ikonografie Třech Marií u prázdného hrobu (Visitatio Sepulchri) ve světle ; středověkého liturgického hudebního dramatu
• Thesis title in English: Development of the Iconography of the Holy Women at the Empty Tomb ; (Visitatio Sepulchri) in Light of the Medieval Church Music-Drama
• Key words: Visitatio Sepulchri, Tři Marie, Quem quaeritis, Církevní drama, liturgické drama, středověké divadlo, ikonografie, zasvěcený život
• English key words: Visitatio Sepulchri, Holy Women, Three Marys, Quem quaeritis, Church drama, liturgical drama, medieval theatre, iconography, monastic life
• Academic year of topic announcement: 2017/2018
• Thesis type: Bachelor's thesis
• Thesis language: angličtina
• Department: Institute of Christian Art History (26-UDKU)
• Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Ing. Jan Royt, Ph.D.
• Author: hidden - assigned and confirmed by the Study Dept.
• Date of registration: 12.09.2018
• Date of assignment: 12.09.2018
• Confirmed by Study dept. on: 27.09.2018
• Date and time of defence: 12.09.2019 09:00
• Date of electronic submission: 19.06.2019
• Date of submission of printed version: 19.06.2019
• Date of proceeded defence: 12.09.2019
• Opponents: PhDr. Markéta Jarošová, Ph.D.

Guidelines

Structure

1. Textual basis of the motive (The Synoptics and St John)
2. Nomenclature of the motive (Latin/Greek/French/English/German/Czech)
3. Typological parallels in the Old Testament
4. Differences between East and West
5. Development of the typology in the visual arts
1. The earliest type: “Dura Europos” or closed tomb type
2. Wealth of innovation around the year 400 (guards, wingless angel, open tomb, tomb as actual construction, symbolic tree, several events at once)
3. Sarcophagus - 5th century
4. "Winged Angel" type - 6th century
5. Mirror image - 6th century
6. Angel holding a cross - 6th century
7. Censers - from 6th century to 11th century
8. Organisation of space
9. Tenth century innovations: addition of a cloth, two separate cloths and a second angel
10. Only the myrrh pots - 12th century onwards
11. Mortar and pestle
12. Abstraction of the space in 12th century England
13. The number of women
14. Cave in a natural rock - 12th century
15. Motive of buying the spices - 12th century
16. A "Czech Angel” - 14th century
17. Vertical composition - 15th century
18. View from inside of the Tomb - 17th century
6. Development of the motive in drama
1. “Melodeo” - the importance of singing for Christians
2. Reasons for evolving of drama in the Christian world
3. Reasons for a need of a rebirth
4. Classification of medieval theatre
5. Ceremonies of the Holy Week
6. The tradition of the tropes
7. The Quem Quaeritis trope
8. The Visitatio Sepulchri play
1. Historical development
2. Purposes of the play
3. The music
4. Locus: geography of the play
5. Structure of the play
6. Props
7. Dress
8. Postures
9. Solutions of the space
9. Medieval women actors
10. The enrichment of the play by the participation of women
1. The enrichment of sound
2. Example: performance at Essen
3. The enrichment of the play
4. Inclusion of the vernacular
7. Mutual influences: text to image to staging and vice versa
1. Diametrically opposed opinions on the level of influence
2. “Non est hic” scene-type
3. “Surrexit” scene-type
Conclusions

References

Bibliography

A. Visual Arts’ Bibliography

A. 1. Primary bibliography

BECKWITH 1964 — John Beckwith: Early Medieval Art. New York 1964
EVANS 2001 -- Helen C. Evans (ed.): The Arts of Byzantium. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. New York 2001.
FINNEY 2017 — Paul Corby Finney (ed.): The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, Volume 1. Michigan 2017, pp. 129-130
HANSEN 2011 — Lindsey Hansen: Acts of Witnessing. The Munich Ivory of the Ascension, Medieval Visuality and Pilgrimage. In: Hortulus. The Online Graduate Journal of Medieval Studies VII / I, 2011, 45-63
JONES 2013 — Tom Devonshire Jones: The Oxford dictionary of Christian art & architecture. Oxford 2013
KLEINHENZ 2004 - Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.): Italy. An Encyclopedia. Abingdon 2004.
MALE 1913 — Emile Male: The Gothic Image. Paris 1913 / New York 1958
MERHAUTOVA / SPUNAR 2006 — Anežka Merhautová / Pavel Spunar: Kodex Vyšehradský. Praha 2006
PRESSOUYRE 1969 — Léon Pressouyre: Contributions à l'iconographie du portail Royal de Chartres. In: Bulletin Monumental CXXVII, 1969, 242-245
ROBERTS 2013 — Helene E. Roberts (ed.): Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. London 2013
ROYT 2003 — Jan Royt: Medieval Painting in Bohemia. Praha 2003
ROYT 2013 — Jan Royt: Slovnik biblické ikonografie. Praha 2013
SALET 1955 — Francis Salet: Les saintes femmes au tombeau. In: Bulletin Monumental CXIII, 1955, 291-292
SHEPPARD 1949 — Carl D. Sheppard Jr. Iconography of the Cloister of Monreale. The Art Bullettin XXXI, 1949, 159-169
THIRION 1956 — Jacques Thirion: Les saintes femmes au tombeau sur la fresque de Doura-Europos. In: Bulletin Monumental CXIV, 1956, 275-276
URBANKOVA / STEJSKAL 1975 — Emma Urbanková / Karel Stejskal: Pasional Přemyslovny Kunhuty. Praha 1975
WEITZMANN 1979 — Weitzmann, Kurt (ed.): Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. New York 1979 (exhb. cat.)

A. 2. Secondary bibliography

ENNEN 1989 — Edith Ennen: The Medieval Woman. Oxford 1989
FRINGS / GERSHOW 2005 — Jutta Frings a Jan Gerchow (eds.). Krone und Schleier. Kunst aus mittelalterlichen Frauenklöstern. Ruhrlandmuseum. Die frühen Klöster und Stifte 500-1200. Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Zeit der Orden 1200-1500. München 2005 (exhb. cat.)
HAMBURGER et al 2007 — Jeffrey F. Hamburger, Carola Jäggi, Susan Marti a Hedwig Röckelein (eds.). Frauen-Kloster-Kunst: neue Forschungen zur Kulturgeschichte des Mittelalters : Beiträge zum internationalen Kolloquium vom 13. bis 16. Mai 2005 anlässlich der Ausstellung "Krone und Schleier". Turnhout 2007.
LAWRENCE 1989 — Clifford Hugh Lawrence: Medieval Monasticism. London 1989
MUDRA 2006 — Aleš Mudra (ed.): Inspirations françaises: recueil d'interventions portant sur l'histoire de l'art : journées académiques franco-tchèques, tenues dans le cadre de la saison tchèque en France les 7 - 8 novembre 2002 à Paris : Université de la Sorbonne, Établissements de l'École normale supérieure. 1ére édition. Praha 2006.
FRUGONI 1977 — Chiara Frugoni: L'iconographie de la femme au cours des Xe-XIIe siècles . In: Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale / Année 1977 / 20-78-79 / pp. 177-188
NELSON 1986 — Janet L. Nelson: Les femmes et l'évangélisation au IXe siècle. In: Revue du Nord / Année 1986 / 269 / pp. 471-485
THIEBAUX 1987 - Marcelle Thiébaux: the Writings of medieval women. New York 1987
TOUBERT 1976 — Hélène Toubert: Contribution à l'iconographie des psautiers. Le commentaire des Psaumes d'Odon d'Asti, illustré à l'abbaye de Farfa. In: Mélanges de l'école française de Rome / Année 1976 / 88-2 / pp. 581-619


B. Theatre Bibliography

CAMPBELL / DAVIDSON 1985 — Thomas P. Campbell / Clifford Davidson (eds.): The Fleury Playbook. Essays and Studies. Michigan 1985
COLLINS 1972 — Collins, Fletcher, Jr. The Production of Medieval Church Music-Drama. Charlottesville 1972
DAVIDSON 1990 — Audrey Ekdahl Davidson (ed.): Holy Week And Easter Ceremonies and Dramas from Medieval Sweden. Michigan 1990
DAVIDSON 1999 — Clifford Davidson (ed.): Material Culture and Medieval Drama. Michigan 1999
DAVIDSON 2001 — Clifford Davidson (ed.): Gesture in Medieval Drama and Art. Michigan 2001
DAVIDSON / STROUPE 1993 — Clifford Davidson / John H. Stroupe (eds.): Medieval Drama on the Continent of Europe. Michigan 1993
DONOVAN 1958 - Richard B. Donovan C. S. B.: The Liturgical Drama in Medieval Spain. Toronto 1958
DUTKA 1980 — JoAnn Dutka: Music in the English Mystery Plays. Michigan 1980
ENDERS 1992 — Jody Enders: Rhetoric and the Origins of Medieval Drama. New York 1992
FICHTE 1975 — Jorg O. Fichte: Expository Voices in Medieval Drama. Essays on the Mode and Function of Dramatic Exposition. Nurnberg 1975
FREUND 2006 - Philip Freund: Dramatis Personae (Stage by Stage). The Rise of Medieval and Renaissance Theatre. London 2006
HARRIS 1992 — John Wesley Harris: Medieval Theatre in Context. An Introduction. London 1992
NORTON 1987 — Michael Norton: Of "Stages" and “Types" in Visitatione Sepulchri. In: Comparative Drama XXI, 1987, 34-61, 127-44
OGDEN 1999 - Dunbar H. Ogden. Costumes and Vestments for the Medieval Music Drama. In: DAVIDSON 1999
OGDEN 2001 — Dunbar H Ogden: Gesture and Characterisation in the Liturgical Drama. In: DAVIDSON 2001
OGDEN 2002 — Ogden, Dunbar H: The Staging of Drama in Medieval Church. Delaware 2002
PAGE 2010 — Christopher Page: The Christian West and its Singers. The First Thousand Years. Yale / London 2010
RANKIN 1985 — Susan Rankin: Musical and Ritual Aspects of Quem Queritis. In: Gabriel Silagi (ed.): Liturgische Tropen. Munchener Beitrage zur Mediavistik und Renaissance-Forschung XXXVI 1985, 190-191
SMOLDON 1980 - William L. Smoldon: The Music of the Medieval Church Dramas. (Cynthia Bourgeault ed.). London 1980
SVEJKOVSKY 1966 — František Svejkovský: Z dějin českého dramatu. Latinské a latinskočeské hry tří Marií. Praha 1966
YOUNG 1933 — Karl Young. The Drama of the Medieval Church. Oxford 1933
The Plays of Roswitha. Translated by Christopher St. John. London 1923
Visitatio Sepulchri. A twelth century Easter Music-Drama. Transcribed and translated by W. L. Smoldon. London 1964

Preliminary scope of work

Tato práce spojuje ikonografii motivu Visitatio Sepulchri (Tři Marie u prázdného hrobu) ve výtvarném umění se stejným motivem ve středověkém liturgickém hudebním dramatu. V divadelní vědě je tento motiv známý také jako Quem quaeritis a právě z něho se zrodilo celé západní divadlo. Tato práce objasňuje několik schémat ve výtvarném umění, které je možné plně pochopit pouze v kontextu dramatu. Dále jsou identifikována některá typická prostorová schémata. Tato práce taky sleduje účast žen v těchto hrách: jako například autorky, zpěvačky a herečky. Tento aspekt až dodnes není dosti známý veřejnosti. Jsou uvedeny vybrané příklady, jako např., jak to nejspíše vypadalo v katedrále v Essenu.
Konečně, slonovina pocházející ze severní Francie poskytuje možný terminus ante quem ohledně napsání Quem quaeritis dialogu.

Preliminary scope of work in English

The work connects the iconography of the Visitatio Sepulchri theme in the visual art with the same motive in the medieval Church music-drama, also known as Quem quaeritis, which is the cradle of the Western theatre. As a result, the work puts to light several schemes in the visual art which can be understood only with reference to the drama, as scenes from a play. Additionally, several typical space arrangements are identified. The work also looks deeper into the participation of women in those plays as authors, singers and actors, which is still much less known than it should be by the general public. Case studies are given, such as how it must have looked at the cathedral of Essen.
Finally, with reference to an ivory from Northern France, a terminus ante quem is proposed for the creation of the Quem quaeritis dialogue.