Media: the pivotal regulator

• Thesis title in English: Media: the pivotal regulator
• Key words: Média, migrace, regulátor, veřejná politika
• English key words: Media, Migration, Regulator, Public Policy
• Academic year of topic announcement: 2014/2015
• Thesis type: diploma thesis
• Thesis language: angličtina
• Department: Department of Public and Social Policy (23-KVSP)
• Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Martin Potůček, CSc., M.Sc.
• Author: hidden - assigned by the advisor
• Date of registration: 11.06.2015
• Date of assignment: 11.06.2015
• Date and time of defence: 22.06.2016 00:00
• Venue of defence: U Kříže 8, Praha 5
• Date of electronic submission: 13.05.2016
• Date of proceeded defence: 22.06.2016
• Opponents: doc. PhDr. Pavol Frič, Ph.D.

References

Citations and Bibliography

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Works Cited – Highlights (Broadcasters)
1. BBC News, 2015, David Cameron criticised over migrant 'swarm' language [online]. [video]. 2015. [Accessed 4 May 2016]. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-33716501
2. CNN News, 2015a, Obama: 'This was an act of terrorism' [online]. [video]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/06/politics/obama-oval-office-address-isis-terror/
3. CNN News, 2015b, Trump homes in on national security days after Paris attacks [online]. [video]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/16/politics/trump-security-paris-attacks/
4. ITV News, 2015a, PM: UK Airstrikes will help bring political deal in Syria [online]. [video]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-12-02/benn-cheered-for-outstanding-speech-in-favour-of-airstrikes/
5. ITV News, 2015b, Syria airstrikes: Jeremy Corbyn tells ITV News Labour MPs must 'do their duty' in key vote [online]. [video]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-01/syria-airstrikes-jeremy-corbyn-tells-itv-news-labour-mps-must-do-their-duty-in-key-vote/
6. Mend Community, 2015, Sun newspaper forced to correct misleading headline: '1 in 5 Brit Muslims' sympathy for Jihadis' [online]. [video]. 2015. [Accessed 2 May 2016]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qY-Kf54jgiY
Works Cited – Headlines (Newspapers)
1. Adams, Sam, 2015, First of 20,000 Syrian refugees arrive in UK direct from camps in Middle East. Mirror [online]. 2015. [Accessed 12 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/first-20000-syrian-refugees-arrive-6494320
2. Albayrak, Ayla, 2015, Goodwill to Syrian Refugees Drains Away After Paris Attacks. The Wall Street Journal [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/goodwill-to-syrian-refugees-drains-away-after-paris-attacks-1447841015
3. Beattie, Jason, 2015, David Cameron's EU negotiations in 'chaos' amid claims he will ditch migrant benefit plans. Mirror [online]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/david-camerons-eu-negotiations-chaos-7007142
4. Blanchard, Jack, 2015, New EU 'emergency brake' could save David Cameron by limiting migrant benefits in times of austerity. Mirror [online]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/new-eu-emergency-brake-could-7035030
5. Bloom, Dan, 2015, Paris terror attacks: Britain won't ramp up Syrian refugee security checks despite fears bomber slipped through the net. Mirror [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/paris-terror-attacks-britain-wont-6847762
6. Boyle, Simon, Lines, Andy and Warburton, Dan, 2015, People smugglers are luring refugee families onto lethal boats with free places for children. Mirror [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/people-smugglers-luring-refugee-families-6389941
7. Chorley, Matt, 2015, British aid to refugees smashes through £1BILLION as Cameron boasts UK is spending more than any EU country. Daily Mail [online]. 2015. p. Headline. [Accessed 12 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3222250/How-Britain-given-aid-refugees-Germany-Netherlands-France-Italy-Hungary-Austria-Poland-COMBINED.html
8. Culley, Jeremy, 2015, Cunning ISIS terrorists ARE among millions of refugees flocking to Europe, says Syria. Daily Star [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/478547/ISIS-terrorists-Syrian-refugees-heading-to-Europe-Bashar-al-Assad-UK-migrants
9. Daily Mail, 2015, DAILY MAIL COMMENT: Migrant crisis shows the EU at its worst. [online]. 2015. [Accessed 4 May 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-3220391/DAILY-MAIL-COMMENT-Migrant-crisis-shows-EU-worst.html
10. Gordon, Michael, Smale, Alison and Lyman, Rick, 2015, U.S. Will Accept More Refugees as Crisis Grows. The Wall Street Journal [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/world/europe/us-to-increase-admission-of-refugees-to-100000-in-2017-kerry-says.html?_r=0
11. Griffith, Phoebe, 2015, How David Cameron can restrict migrant benefits without breaking EU law. The Telegraph [online]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/12053155/How-David-Cameron-can-restrict-migrant-benefits-without-breaking-EU-law.html
12. Guynn, Jessica, 2015, Google to raise $11 million for refugee crisis in Europe in donation-matching campaign. USA Today [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/15/google-donation-matching-campaign-to-raise-11-million-for-refugees-humanitarian-crisis-europe/72333318/
13. Haddon, Heather, 2015, Donald Trump: If Elected I’ll Deport Syrian Refugees. The Wall Street Journal [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/10/01/trump-if-elected-ill-deport-syrian-refugees/
14. Hall, John, 2015, Touching moment Cristiano Ronaldo walked onto Real Madrid pitch holding hand of Syrian refugee who was tripped by Hungarian camerawoman. Daily Mail [online]. 2015. [Accessed 7 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3241589/Cristiano-Ronaldo-walks-son-Syrian-refugee-win-Granada-Real-Madrid-support-crisis.html
15. Hjelmgaard, Kim and Lackey, Katharine, 2015, Photo of dead child's body renews call for action on migrant crisis. USA Today [online]. 2015. [Accessed 4 May 2016]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/09/02/europe-migrants-crisis/71562286/
16. Hope, Christopher, Turkey, Antalya and Alexander, Harriet, 2015, American states turn against Syrian refugees after Paris attacks. The Telegraph [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11999130/American-states-turn-against-Syrian-refugees-after-Paris-attacks.html
17. Jackson, David, 2015, Trump: Syrian refugees prove need for border wall. USA Today [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/11/19/trump-syrian-refugees-prove-need-for-border-wall/81599818/
18. Jopson, Barney, 2015, US House of Representatives rebuffs Obama’s refugee policy. Financial Times [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: https://next.ft.com/content/da6cf8fa-8f0d-11e5-8be4-3506bf20cc2b
19. Kelly, Erin, 2015, House passes bill to block Syrian refugees, require more vetting. USA Today [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/11/19/house-passes-bill-bar-syrian-refugees-us-without-more-vetting/76041668/
20. Kristof, Nicholas, 2015, Refugees Who Could Be Us. New York Times [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/opinion/sunday/nicholas-kristof-refugees-who-could-be-us.html
21. Malm, Sara, 2015, Migrant 'five star route' to the EU: Syrian man pays six times the average price for a safe journey to Europe via Dubai. Daily Mail [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3225773/For-one-Syrian-migrant-hefty-price-buys-5-star-journey-Europe.html
22. Malone, Scott and Dubuis, Anna, 2015, Paris attacks: US states shut their doors to Syrian refugees over fear of terrorism links. Mirror [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/paris-attacks-states-shut-doors-6843713
23. Marcus, Ruth, 2015, The refugee debate hides the real threat from the Islamic State. The Washington Post [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-refugee-debate-hides-the-real-threat-from-the-islamic-state/2015/11/20/37496ebc-8fc9-11e5-baf4-bdf37355da0c_story.html
24. Mufson, Steven, 2015, Obama warns Americans not to forget their immigrant history. The Washington Post [online]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/obama-warns-americans-not-to-forget-their-immigrant-history/2015/12/15/5228ab0c-a339-11e5-ad3f-991ce3374e23_story.html
25. Nelson, Colleen, 2015, Responding to White House Appeal, Tech Firms Aid Syrian Refugee Relief Effort. Wall Street Journal [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/responding-to-white-house-appeal-tech-firms-aid-syrian-refugee-relief-effort-1444136400
26. Onyanga-Omara, Jane and Hampson, Rick, 2015, John Kerry says U.S. will accept more refugees, but not risk U.S. security. USA Today [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/09/20/greek-coastguard-migrants/72512840/
27. Parfitt, Tom, 2015, Taxpayers to fork out £24,000 per year for each Syrian refugee. Daily Star [online]. 2015. [Accessed 12 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/471042/Syria-refugee-crisis-David-Cameron-Home-Office
28. Peker, Emre, 2015, Image of Drowned Syrian Boy on Turkish Beach Shocks World. The Wall Street Journal [online]. 2015. [Accessed 4 May 2016]. Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/at-least-12-syrian-migrants-including-eight-children-drown-off-turkish-coast-1441213565
29. Phillips, Amber, 2015, Here’s how much the United States spends on refugees. The Washington Post [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/11/30/heres-how-much-the-united-states-spends-on-refugees/
30. Porter, Eduardo, 2015, For Immigrants, America Is Still More Welcoming Than Europe. The New York Times [online]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/09/business/international/for-immigrants-america-is-still-more-welcoming-than-europe.html
31. Robbins, Liz, 2015, Syrian Refugees Rejected, Rerouted and Resettled. The New York Times [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/insider/reporters-notebook-syrian-refugees-rejected-rerouted-and-resettled.html?_r=0
32. Schwartz, Felicia and Troianovski, Anton, 2015, U.S. to Boost Refugee Intake by 30,000 Over Two Years. Wall Street Journal [online]. 2015. p. Headline. [Accessed 7 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/john-kerry-says-u-s-to-admit-30-000-more-refugees-in-next-2-years-1442768498
33. Solomon, Erika, 2015, Shocking image of drowned boy crystallises Europe migrant crisis. Financial Times [online]. 2015. [Accessed 4 May 2016]. Available from: https://next.ft.com/content/4194f7e2-518f-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14
34. Steven, John, 2015, How the Paris bomber sneaked into Europe: Terrorist posing as a refugee was arrested and fingerprinted in Greece - then given travel papers and sent on his way to carry out suicide bombing in France. The Daily Mail [online]. 2015. p. 16th November. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3320272/Paris-bomber-sneaked-Europe-posing-refugee-Greece-arrival-given-travel-papers-officials-admit-damning-expose-EU-s-open-borders-policy.html
35. Swinford, Steven, 2015, Curbing EU migrant benefits will not stop people coming here. The Telegraph [online]. 2015. [Accessed 23 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/12039036/Curbing-EU-migrant-benefits-will-not-stop-them-coming-here.html
36. Taylor, Adam, 2015, Europe’s refugee crisis is America’s problem, too. The Washington Post [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/04/europes-refugee-crisis-is-americas-problem-too/
37. The Sun, 2015, Camerawoman sacked for refugee trip. [online]. 2015. [Accessed 7 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/6629545/Camerawoman-sacked-for-refugee-trip.html
38. The Sun, 2015, 'Come on then, f*** the lot of you!' Lorry driver deliberately swerves into refugees at Calais border. [online]. 2015. [Accessed 13 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/6774932/Lorry-driver-deliberately-swerves-into-refugees-at-Calais-border.html
39. The Sun, 2015, UK haven for child refugees. [online]. 2015. [Accessed 5 April 2016]. Available from: http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/politics/6627608/UK-haven-for-child-refugees.html
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Works Cited - Graphs and Images

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3. GardenWeb, 2015, This baby's name was Aylan Kurdi [online]. [image]. 2015. [Accessed 4 May 2016]. Available from: http://forums.gardenweb.com/discussions/3346578/this-babys-name-was-aylan-kurdi
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Preliminary scope of work

Diplomová práce pojednává o důležitém tématu privátních ziskových médií (tištěných i vysílaných, bez ohledu na platformu skrze které jsou šířena) a to na problematice migrace. Skrze teoretické i empirické studium mediálního vyobrazení migrace v socio-politickém, ekonomickém, legálním a kulturním kontextu Spojených států a Velké Británie v roce 2015, diplomová práce přinese model analýzy sociálního dopadu médií.

V rámci studia politiky jsou média stále opomíjenou a podceňovanou oblastí a jako studentka veřejné a sociální politiky cítím potřebu přispět ke změně statu quo. Na roli médií v soudobé společnosti můžeme nahlížet dvěma pohledy: (1) média jako nástroj či zprostředkovatel, nebo jako (2) aktér, regulátor, přispěvatel, a tato diplomová práce se bude zaměřovat právě na tuto druhou funkci, neboť dokáže lépe pochopit dynamickou roli aktéra nazývaného jako ‘média’.

Diplomová práce si dává za cíl prozkoumat tři oblasti: (1) analýzu vztahu médií k tradičním aktérům - státu, trhu a občanského sektoru - založené na hypotéze, že představuje prominentního regulátora mezi klíčovými aktéry; (2) prozkoumat přítomnost, úlohu médií v politickém cyklu, opírající se o teorii mediální všeprostupnosti; a (3) prozkoumání vlivu médií, aby postulovala jejich signifikantní roli coby aktéra v soudobé společnosti, roli, která by neměla býti lehce podceňována.

Diplomová práce ve své teoretické části tyto tři hypotézy zkoumá pomocí šesti důkladně selektovaných teorií. První dvě teorie založené na konceptu vládnutí (governance) a institucionalismu poukazují na prominentní úlohu médií coby aktéra. Další dvě teorie založené na politických modelech vyobrazují přítomnost médií coby všeprostupujícího aktéra napříč politickým procesem. Zbylá dvojice teorií založené na sociální konstrukci a morálním uvažování veřejnosti poukazují na dopad médií coby vlivného aktéra. Ve výsledku se tato trojí kategorizace doplňuje a vytváří holistický pohled na média coby regulátora. Metodologicky práce využívá kvantitativní přístup založený na dolování z textu (text mining) a technikách korpusové lingvistiky, jakož i kvalitativní přístup, který zahrnuje obsahové analýzy s cílem nabídnout vhled do reality prostřednictvím zvolené literatury.

Tato diplomová práce představuje teoretickou studii opírající se o empirické údaje, analyzující rozličné role médií z různých perspektiv. Práce odhaluje selhání a úspěchy médií jako aktéra, přičemž argumentuje pro zahrnutí médií coby prominentního, všudypřítomného a silného čtvrtého regulátora.

Preliminary scope of work in English

This thesis brings to you a salient theme: Private for-Profit News Media (Print and Broadcast; irrespective of the platform on which it is disseminated) based on an interesting topic: Migration in order to explore theoretically and empirically how to model the social impact of the existence of media in a given socio-political, economic, legal and cultural context namely the United States of America and the United Kingdom at a given period: Year 2015.

The study of media in policy studies has been a relatively neglected area in the past and as a student of Public and Social Policy one finds this a most suitable opportunity to do otherwise. Media’s role in today’s society can be explored from two angles: (1) Media as a tool, a mediator, a conduit and (2) Media as an actor, a regulator, a contributor and this thesis will focus on the latter as it is more important to understand the dynamic role played by this actor named: ‘The Media’.

The scope of this thesis is three fold: (1) it seeks to analyse media’s relationship with the State, Market and Civic sector based on the hypothesis that it is in fact a prominent regulator among the key actors, (2) it seeks to explore media’s presence in the policy cycle based on the theory that it is certainly pervasive and (3) it seeks to examine the impact of media in order to postulate its powerful role as a significant actor in today’s society, one that cannot and should not be easily underestimated.

Theoretically, the thesis is guided by a group of six theories carefully chosen to address each of the three hypotheses. The first 2 theories based on governance and institutionalism shows media’s prominent role as an actor. The second 2 theories grounded on policy models display media’s presence as a pervasive actor within the policy process. The third 2 theories based on social constructions and moral deliberations of the public demonstrate media’s impact as a powerful actor. Together the three chapter-based theories complement each other to provide a holistic view to media as a regulator. Methodologically the thesis employs a quantitative approach with text mining and corpus-linguistic techniques as well as a qualitative approach that includes content analysis in order to offer insights into reality through publications.

The thesis being a theoretical study with empirical data analyses the multiple roles the media plays from different perspectives and reveals its failures and successes as an actor while giving reasons to establish the media as a prominent, pervasive and powerful fourth regulator.