Bipartismus americké žurnalistiky na příkladu mediálního obrazu voleb do Kongresu v roce 2022

• Název práce v češtině: Bipartismus americké žurnalistiky na příkladu mediálního obrazu voleb do Kongresu v roce 2022
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Bipartisanship of US journalism on the example of media coverage of the 2022 midterm election
• Klíčová slova: Média v USA, bipartismus, bias, framing, vliv politiky na média, kongresové volby
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Media in the US, two-party system, bias, framing, influence of politics on the media, Congressional election
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2022/2023
• Typ práce: bakalářská práce
• Jazyk práce: čeština
• Ústav: Katedra žurnalistiky (23-KZ)
• Vedoucí / školitel: PhDr. Petr Just, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 14.10.2022
• Datum zadání: 14.10.2022
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 16.06.2023 08:30
• Místo konání obhajoby: Hollar, H110, Hollar - místn. č. 110
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 30.04.2023
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 16.06.2023
• Oponenti: Mgr. Jakub Charvát, Ph.D.

Seznam odborné literatury

Knižní publikace

ALDRICH, John H. Why parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chigaco: University of Chicago Press, 1995. ISBN 0226012719.

ALTERMAN, Eric. What Liberal Media? The Truth about Bias and the News. New York: Basic Books, 2003. ISBN 9780786740932.

BERRY, William E., Sandra BRAMAN, Clifford G. CHRISTIANS, Thomas GUBACK, Steve J. HELLE, Louis W. LIEBOVICH a Kim B. ROTZOLL. Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995. ISBN 9780252064708.

BIBBY, John F. a L. Sandy MAISEL. Two Parties - Or More?: The American Party System. USA: Westview Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8133-9992-0.

DAVIS, Richard. The press and American politics: the new mediator. 3. vydání. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. ISBN 01-302-6404-0.

DEARING, James W. a Everett M. ROGERS. Communication Concepts 6: Agenda-Setting. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 1996. ISBN 0761905634.

DUVERGER, Maurice. Politické strany. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, nakladatelství Karolinum, 2016. Politeia (Karolinum). ISBN 978-80-246-2568-3.

DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Vladimíra et al. Komparace politických systémů: Základní modely demokratických systémů. Praha: Oeconomica, 2008. ISBN 978-80-245-1357-7.

EMERY, Michael C., Edwin EMERY a Nancy L. ROBERTS. The press and America: an interpretive history of the mass media. 9. vydání. Boston: A Pearson Education Company, 2000. ISBN 0-205-29557-6.

GOTTFRIED, Ted. The American Media. New York: Franklin Watts, 1997. ISBN 0-531-11315-9.

HALLIN, Daniel C. a Paolo MANCINI. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780521835350.

CHAMBERS, William N. Parties and Nation-Building in America. In: LA PALOMBARA, Joseph a Myron WEINER. Political Parties and Political Development. USA: Princeton University Press, 1966, s. 79-107. ISBN 0-691-64849-2.

CHRISTIANS, Clifford G., Theodore L. GLASSER, Denis MCQUAIL, Kaarle NORDENSTRENG a Robert A. WHITE. Normative theories of the media journalism in democratic societies. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-252-03423-7.

KUYPERS, Jim A. Partisan journalism: a history of media bias in the United States. 4. vydání. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4422-2594-7.

LOWI, Theodore J., Benjamin GINSBERG, Kenneth A. SHEPSLE a Stephen ANSOLABEHERE. American Government: POWER AND PURPOSE 2010 ELECTION UPDATE. 11. vydání. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011. ISBN 978-0-393-12009-7.

MAISEL, L. Sandy. American Political Parties and Elections: A Very Short Introduction. 2007. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978–0–19–530122–9.

MCQUAIL, Denis. McQuail′s Mass Communication Theory. 6. vydání. Londýn: SAGE Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-1849202923.

MCQUAIL, Denis. Media Performance Mass Communication and the Public Interest. Londýn: SAGE Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-8039-8295-X.

SARTORI, Giovanni. STRUCTURING THE PARTY SYSTEM. In: MAIR, Peter. The West European Party System. USA: Oxford University Press, 1990, s. 75-77. ISBN 978-0-19-827583-1.

SARTORI, Giovanni. Strany a stranické systémy: schéma pro analýzu. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury, 2005. Klasikové společenských věd. ISBN 80-732-5062-4.

SEDLÁKOVÁ, Renáta. Výzkum médií: nejužívanější metody a techniky. Praha: Grada, 2014. Žurnalistika a komunikace. ISBN 978-80-247-3568-9.

SCHULZ, Winfried a Irena REIFOVÁ. Analýza obsahu mediálních sdělení. 3., nezměn. vyd. Praha: Karolinum, 2011. ISBN 978-80-246-1980-4.

SIEBERT, Fred, Theodore PETERSON a Wilbur SCHRAMM. Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do. 9. vydání. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-252-05105-0.

TINDALL, George Brown a David E. SHI. Dějiny Spojených států amerických. Třetí, opravené vydání. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 1998. ISBN 80-7106-302-9.

TRAMPOTA, Tomáš a Martina VOJTĚCHOVSKÁ. Metody výzkumu médií. Praha: Portál, 2010. ISBN 978-80-7367-683-4.

WARE, Alan. The Dynamics of Two-Party Politics: Party Structures and the Managment of Competition. USA: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956443-9.

WHITE, John Kenneth a Matthew R. KERBEL. American Political Parties: Why They Formed, How They Function, and Where They're Headed. 2. vydání. USA: University Press of Kansas, 2022. ISBN 9780700633357.

WILSON, James Q. Jak se vládne v USA. Praha: Victoria Publishing, 1995. ISBN 80-85605-70-8.

WIMMER, Roger D. a Joseph R. DOMINICK. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. 8. vydání. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006. ISBN 0-534-64718-9.

WOODBURN, James Albert. American Politics: Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States. USA: Forgotten Books, 2018.

Internetové zdroje

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2022 ELECTION RESULTS. POLITICO [online]. POLITICO, 2022 [cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupné z: https://www.politico.com/2022-election/results/governor/

2022 Exit Polls. CNN Politics [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-01-13]. Dostupné z: https://edition.cnn.com/election/2022/exit-polls/national-results/house/0

2022 FiveThirtyEight Election Forecast. FiveThirtyEight [online]. ABC News Internet Ventures, 2022 [cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupné z: https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2022-election-forecast/

2022 Midterm Election Calendar. 270ToWin [online]. Electoral Ventures, 2022 [cit. 2022-11-24]. Dostupné z: https://www.270towin.com/2022-election-calendar/

About AllSides. AllSides [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.allsides.com/about

About Media Bias / Fact Check. Media Bias / Fact Check (MBFC) [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/about/

ALTERMAN, Eric. The Bush Legacy: War on the Press. Center for American Progress [online]. 2008 [cit. 2023-03-14]. Dostupné z: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/think-again-the-bush-legacy-war-on-the-press/

Anatomy of a close election: How Americans voted in 2022 vs. 2018. CNN Politics [online]. 2022 [cit. 2023-01-13]. Dostupné z: https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2022/politics/exit-polls-2022-midterm-2018-shift/

BACON JR., Perry. How media coverage drove Biden’s political plunge. The Washington Post [online]. 2022 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/07/17/media-bias-role-biden-approval-decline/

CNN (Online News). AllSides [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.allsides.com/news-source/cnn-media-bias

CNN Bias and Reliability. Ad Fontes Media [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://adfontesmedia.com/cnn-bias-and-reliability/

CNN. Media Bias / Fact Check (MBFC) [online]. 2022 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/left/cnn-bias/

Conway: Trump White House offered ‘alternative facts’ on crowd size. CNN Politics [online]. 2017 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/22/politics/kellyanne-conway-alternative-facts/index.html

DIFILIPPO, Dana. What is fusion voting and why do some want to revive it in New Jersey?. New Jersey Monitor [online]. 2022 [cit. 2023-02-25]. Dostupné z: https://newjerseymonitor.com/2022/08/01/what-is-fusion-voting-and-why-do-some-want-to-revive-it-in-new-jersey/

Editorial: Before Trump, Obama was an ‘enemy of press freedom’. The San Diego Union-Tribune [online]. 2018 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/editorials/sd-obama-trump-media-leakers-20180910-story.html

Fox News (foxnews.com). Media Bias / Fact Check (MBFC) [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/fox-news-bias/

Fox News (Online News). AllSides [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.allsides.com/news-source/fox-news-media-bias

Fox News Bias and Reliability. Ad Fontes Media [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://adfontesmedia.com/fox-news-bias-and-reliability/

Gallup/Knight Foundation. American Views 2020: Trust, Media and Democracy: A Deepening Divide. 2020. Dostupné z: https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/American-Views-2020-Trust-Media-and-Democracy.pdf

HOUNSHELL, Blake. Does Fusion Voting Offer Americans a Way Out of the Partisan Morass?. The New York Times [online]. [cit. 2023-02-25]. Dostupné z: https://newjerseymonitor.com/2022/08/01/what-is-fusion-voting-and-why-do-some-want-to-revive-it-in-new-jersey/

How AllSides Rates Media Bias. AllSides [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/media-bias-rating-methods

How Election Week 2022 Went Down. FiveThirtyEight [online]. ABC News Internet Ventures, 2022 [cit. 2022-11-27]. Dostupné z: https://fivethirtyeight.com/live-blog/2022-midterm-election/

In 2022 midterms, nearly all Senate election results again matched states’ presidential votes. Pew Research Center [online]. 2022 [cit. 2023-01-16]. Dostupné z: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/12/08/in-2022-midterms-nearly-all-senate-election-results-again-matched-states-presidential-votes/

Interactive Media Bias Chart. Ad Fontes Media [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://adfontesmedia.com/interactive-media-bias-chart/

KALB, Marvin. Press “bothsideism” has failed Biden, and America. Brookings [online]. 2022 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/07/21/press-bothsideism-has-failed-biden-and-america/

Media Bias Ratings. AllSides [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/ratings

Methodology Overview. Ad Fontes Media [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://adfontesmedia.com/how-ad-fontes-ranks-news-sources/

Methodology. Media Bias / Fact Check (MBFC) [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-03-20]. Dostupné z: https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/methodology/

Midterm election results for the House of Representatives in the United States in 2022. Statista [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-01-13]. Dostupné z: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1344207/house-representatives-midterm-results-us-2022/

The clear and present danger of Trump's enduring 'Big Lie'. NPR [online]. 2021 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/1065277246/trump-big-lie-jan-6-election

The Obama Administration and the Press. Committee to Protect Journalists [online]. 2013 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://cpj.org/reports/2013/10/obama-and-the-press-us-leaks-surveillance-post-911/

Trump ramps up rhetoric on media, calls press ‘the enemy of the people’. The Hill [online]. 2019 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/437610-trump-calls-press-the-enemy-of-the-people/

U.S. House election results. The Washington Post [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-01-13]. Dostupné z: https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/election-results/house-2020/

What Obama gets right — and very wrong — about the media. The Washington Post [online]. 2020 [cit. 2023-03-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/obama-right-wrong-about-media-memoir/2020/11/17/185e305a-28cb-11eb-8fa2-06e7cbb145c0_story.html

Odborné články a studie

ALDRICH, John H. a Daniel J. LEE. Why Two Parties? Ambition, Policy, and the Presidency. Political Science Research and Methods. 2016, 4(2), 275–292.

BENOIT, Kenneth. Duverger’s Law and the Study of Electoral Systems. French Politics. 2006, 2006(4), 69-83.

BLONDEL, Jean. Party Systems and Patterns of Government in Western Democracies. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 1968, 1(2), 180-203.

BRANDENBURG, Heinz. Party Strategy and Media Bias: A Quantitative Analysis of the 2005 UK Election Campaign. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 2006, 16(2), 157-178. ISSN 1745-7289. Dostupné z: doi:10.1080/13689880600716027

D'ALESSIO, Dave a Mike ALLEN. Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Communication. 2000, 50(4), 133-156.

D'ALESSIO, Dave. Media bias in presidential election coverage, 1948-2008 evaluation via formal measurement. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2012. ISBN 1-280-65904-1.

DE VREESE, Claes H. News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal + Document Design. 2005, 13(1), 51-62.

EBERL, Jakob-Moritz, Hajo G. BOOMGAARDEN a Markus WAGNER. One Bias Fits All? Three Types of Media Bias and Their Effects on Party Preferences. Communication Research. 2017, 44(8), 1125-1148. ISSN 0093-6502. Dostupné z: doi:10.1177/0093650215614364

GROSECLOSE, Tim a Jeffrey MILYO. A social‐science perspective on media bias. Critical Review. 2005, 17(3-4), 305-314. ISSN 0891-3811. Dostupné z: doi:10.1080/08913810508443641

HASELMAYER, Martin, Markus WAGNER a Thomas M. MEYER. Partisan Bias in Message Selection: Media Gatekeeping of Party Press Releases. Political Communication. 2017, 34(3), 367-384. ISSN 1058-4609. Dostupné z: doi:10.1080/10584609.2016.1265619

HOLLIS III, Daniel W. The American Media Experience: Freedom, Bias, Mergers. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2018, 30(1-2), 29-47.

JERIT, Jennifer a Jason BARABAS. Partisan Perceptual Bias and the Information Environment. The Journal of Politics. 2012, 74(4), 672-684.

JOHN, Sue Lockett a kol. Going Public, Crisis after Crisis: The Bush Administration and the Press from September 11 to Saddam. Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 2007, 10(2), 195-219.

JONES, Martin a Robert SUGDEN. Positive confirmation bias in the acquisition of information. Theory and Decision. 2001, 50, 59-99. Dostupné z: doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005296023424

KAPLAN, Richard L. PRESS, PAPER, AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: The rise of the cheap mass press in the USA, 1870–1910. Media History. 2015, 21(1), 42-54.

KIM, Kwanho a kol. Valence of Media Coverage About Electronic Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products From 2014 to 2017: Evidence From Automated Content Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2020, 22(10), 1890-1900. Dostupné z: doi:https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fntr%2Fntaa090

MCCOMBS, Maxwell E. a Donald L. SHAW. The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. The Public Opinion Quarterly. 1972, 36(2).
Media Failures in the Age of Trump. The Political Economy of Communication. 2016, 4(2), 118-122.

MEEKS, Lindsey. Defining the Enemy: How Donald Trump Frames the News Media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2020, 97(1), 211-234.

RIKER, William H. The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science. The American Political Science Review. 1982, 76(4), 753-766.

SCARROW, Howard A. Duverger's Law, Fusion, and the Decline of American "Third" Parties. The Western Political Quarterly. 1986, 39(4), 634-647.

ZUNINO, Esteban. The assessment of political news in the media agenda: a methodological proposal for more extensive content analysis. Communication & Society. 2016, 29(4), 235-253.

Předběžná náplň práce

Tato bakalářská práce zpracovává téma vztahu americké žurnalistiky a politiky, konkrétně se zabývá stranickou inklinací mainstreamových médií k republikánům, či demokratům. Představuje obecné mediální i politické teorie, které následně aplikuje na konkrétní rámec vývoje vztahu americké politické a mediální scény. Pro úplnost zpracovávaného tématu bylo třeba popsat i termíny z politické teorie, neboť studovaný fenomén ve své podstatě obnáší mediální i politický rozměr. Práce také vychází z hypotézy představené ve Čtyřech teoriích tisku, která tvrdí, že média odrážejí společenský, tedy i politický systém, v němž působí. Kromě pojmů jako mediální bias, agenda-setting či framing je tak pojednáváno i o bipartismu či studiu vztahu médií a politiky. Práce nabízí též přehledy historického vývoje amerického stranictví i médií ve vztahu k politice. Dělení amerických médií do dvou skupin podle inklinace k jedné ze stran práce dokazuje nejen představením analytických projektů, které tento jev v současnosti studují, ale i vlastním výzkumem. Kvantitativní obsahová analýza s kvalitativními prvky v období dvou týdnů před americkými kongresovými volbami v roce 2022 a dvou týdnech po nich zkoumá a srovnává obsahové a žánrové zastoupení online verzí CNN a Fox News, včetně analýzy tonality článků a framingu témat. Hlavním cílem analýzy je kromě srovnání tematické agendy médií dokázat, že každé do jisté míry inklinuje k jedné ze dvou hlavních amerických politických stran.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

This bachelor’s thesis deals with the relationship between American media and politics, particularly the partisan leaning of mainstream US media towards Republicans or Democrats. General media and political theories are introduced and then applied to a specific framework of the development of relationship between US media and political systems. It was necessary to include terms from political theory for completeness of the studied phenomenon which in itself is influenced by both media and politics. The thesis also draws on the hypothesis presented in Four Theories of the Press arguing that media reflect the social and therefore political system in which they operate. Hence, terms as media bias, agenda-setting or framing are accompanied by descriptions of a two-party system or the study of a general relationship between politics and the media. The thesis also offers overviews of the historical development of American politics and the media’s relationship towards partisanship. The division of mainstream US media to two groups based on their appeal towards one of the parties is demonstrated not only by describing current analytical projects but also by own research. A quantitative content analysis with qualitative elements analyses and compares the thematic and genre representation of the online version of CNN and Fox News, including tonality analysis of articles and framing analysis of their topics. The main aim of the analysis - besides describing and comparing the thematic agenda of both outlets – is to prove that each tends to a degree to one of the main US political parties.