Comparison of EU's and ASEAN's counterterrorism efforts

• Název práce v češtině: Komparace opatření v boji proti terorismu EU a ASEAN
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Comparison of EU's and ASEAN's counterterrorism efforts
• Klíčová slova: Counter-Terrorism, Terrorism, EU, ASEAN
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Counter-Terrorism, Terrorism, EU, ASEAN
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2016/2017
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra bezpečnostních studií (23-KBS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. Mgr. Oldřich Bureš, Ph.D., M.A.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 21.06.2017
• Datum zadání: 23.08.2017
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 15.01.2019 07:30
• Místo konání obhajoby: Jinonice - U Kříže 8, Praha 5, J3014, Jinonice - místn. č. 3014
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 03.01.2019
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 15.01.2019
• Oponenti: doc. PhDr. Běla Plechanovová, CSc.

Zásady pro vypracování

Master Thesis - Strong Outline

Topic: Comparative Analysis on EU and ASEAN counter-terrorism efforts.

Research questions:
• Following the increase of terrorist actions in different regions, what are the main policies adopted by the EU and ASEAN on their counter-terrorism strategies? What are the procedures adopted by each organization?
• How ASEAN and EU institutionalize their counter-terrorism strategies, what is the legal procedures and which actors are behind it?

Introduction: The event of 9/11 launched a global fight on terrorism, calling for strategies to eliminate terror leaders and acts motivated by it. Since then, governments and regional organizations such as the EU (European Union) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) initiated their efforts to fight counter-terrorism in local and global cooperation. EU and ASEAN are each driven by different motivations and chose to adopt certain approaches on the matter. The understanding of the structure and which actors are involved on the policy-making of counter-terrorism measures, called my attention to research about this topic.

Theory and methodology: Comparative analysis

CHAPTER 1

1.1: Terrorism – historical approach, development, domestic and international, literature, profile of terrorists, organizations in the EU and ASEAN and the consequences for these regions. The idea in this first part, is to present the historical background of terrorism and how it developed after the 9/11 event, establishing different definitions over the theme. Also to briefly explain how domestic and international terrorism are defined. Finally, it will be analyzed how this kind of violence impacts on the social, political and economic structure of these two regional organizations.

1.2: EU and ASEAN – historical approach, development, economic, politic, social and security structure. This section aims an explanation of the structure of both organizations, in order to provide a clear idea of how they are organized, how the policies are planned (socially, politically and economically) and how the security strategy have changed on the aftermath of the 9/11. Finally, connected with the security strategy, it will be introduced how counter-terrorism became an agenda matter on EU and ASEAN.

1.3: Counter-terrorism in EU agenda – a review on counter-terrorism, how it became an agenda issue for EU security strategies. In this section, the idea is to bring a review on counter-terrorism literature, explaining its’ fundamentals, tools and main mechanisms of defense. Further, to continue the explanation on how it became an agenda matter how was the development of this issue for the EU and what is the future planning.

1.4: Counter-terrorism in ASEAN agenda – a review on counter-terrorism, how it became an agenda issue for ASEAN security strategies. In this section, the idea is to continue the explanation on how it became an agenda matter how was the development of this issue for the ASEAN and what is the future planning.

1.5: Methodology – how the comparative analysis will be done, which subjects will be compared and how to measure the final results. In this section, it will be explained how the comparative analysis will be done on this thesis. It will be detailed the areas of analysis, why they were chosen and how it will be possible to measure the efforts of EU and ASEAN using these comparative tools.


CHAPTER 2

2.1: EU Counter-terrorism efforts – The counter-terrorism efforts – structure of the area, which actors are involved, what are the legal procedures involved, who is planning the policy and if it is connected to other areas of the organizations. This last section is dedicated to the detailed explanation of the counter-terrorism area structure on both organizations. Moreover, it will cover the main actors who are involved on the policy making and on the administrative functions of the organization and also how the law enforcement agencies are organized and how do the influence on the policy making process.

2.2: ASEAN Counter-terrorism efforts - The counter-terrorism efforts – structure of the area, which actors are involved, what are the legal procedures involved, who is planning the policy and if it is connected to other areas of the organizations. This last section is dedicated to the detailed explanation of the counter-terrorism area structure on both organizations. Moreover, it will cover the main actors who are involved on the policy making and on the administrative functions of the organization and also how the law enforcement agencies are organized and how do the influence on the policy making process.


2.3: EU and ASEAN cooperation – start of the cooperation, how is it done, who is involved, what actions were already taken, how is the current status of the cooperation. This is a section dedicated to the understanding of how EU and ASEAN cooperate between each other, when and why it started, how is it done, which actors are involved and which policies already happened in between the two organizations.


CHAPTER 3

3.1: Comparative Analysis – the efforts of both organizations will be compared and analyzed. This last part will aim the comparative analysis on the efforts and politics of both organizations. The idea on this section is to have a clear perspective on the changes that EU and ASEAN have done to fight counter-terrorism.

3.1.1. Institutional Framework
3.1.2. Actors involved on the policymaking
3.1.3. Legal Measures
3.1.4. Successful goals achieved by the counter-terrorism efforts
3.1.5. Areas of improvement for a more effective result on the counter-terrorism fight
3.1.6. Main policies on counter-terrorism from EU
3.1.7. Main policies on counter-terrorism from ASEAN



Conclusions
Final analysis – analysis of the information collected on the study and summarized the relevant data. The chapter will present the final analysis on the comparison between the policies of EU and ASEAN in the fight against counter-terrorism. The goal is to have a final result on the effectiveness of their efforts, aiming to analyze whether they are achieving good results or if there is still place for improvement. Closing this chapter will be a brief discussion on the future planning’s’ for the counterterrorism strategy of EU and ASEAN.

Seznam odborné literatury

Master Thesis – Literature Review


Introduction: in this part the literature should focus on an overview on terrorism, how it developed after the 9/11, should present data in order to strength the arguments, it should also bring a brief overview on EU and ASEAN efforts to fight counter-terrorism and should present future perspectives on terrorism. Moreover, it should finalize with the arguments why this study is relevant. The following literature will cover these points:

• This is an analysis on the aftermath of the 9/11 that will provide the view on the swift on global security policies. It can be accessed on http://mackenzieinstitute.com/analysis-911-fifteen-years-later/.

• Global Terrorism Data Base, is a tool which shows by region attacks caused by acts of terrorism. This data collection will be important in order to understand the dimension of this study and strengthen the arguments. It can be accessed on: https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?search=eu&sa.x=52&sa.y=15&sa=Search

• Oxford Dictionary will explain the basic definition of the word terrorism. This is important once future arguments will be based on this definition and understand of word. It can be accessed on: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/terrorism.

• This article will provide a brief analysis on how the global powers and actors are acting towards the elimination of terrorist groups. It will be a good global dimension overview on the fight against counter-terrorism. It can be accessed on: https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/fifteen-years-on-where-are-we-in-the-war-on-terror.html.

• This is an interesting analysis on the role the media played before and after the events on 9/11. It will be relevant to this study once it will highlight how powerful the media can be when forming a mass perspective on some issue. It can be accessed on: https://www.mckendree.edu/academics/scholars/butler-issue-24.pdf.

• Another source for more data collection, in order to strengthen the arguments: Europol – for more data. It can be accessed on: https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/terrorism.

• This is the basic information source on the efforts and policies that are being done by the EU Council responsible for the counter-terrorism policies. It will be an optimal introduction on the EU role against terrorism. It can be accessed on: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/.

• The ASEAN Web Site will also provide the necessary information for the introduction on the role and goal of the organization on the fight against counter-terrorism. It can be accessed on: http://asean.org/


Theory and methodology: in this chapter the idea is the explanation of the methods that will be used as the base for the research, in order to sustain the arguments with theories. I will explain which methodology will be used (comparative analysis) and why I chose this method for my research. Following are the main literature for the explanation on the subject:

• This is a basic explanation on how to create a comparative analysis on any subject. It is important once it states which main points cannot be forgotten in any Comparative analysis. It can be accessed on:
https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/how-write-comparative-analysis.

• This is a deep analysis on comparative analysis between organizations. It will highlight the main differences between institutions and how to create a complex analysis based on different approaches on the organizations. It will provide a theoretical overview on the analysis so later I can create my own analysis on the topic. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=StvgwpxUaMMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=comparative+analysis+for+organizations&ots=a_kWDmYFRK&sig=DdjIZ2V72efCp3BBYavwZ6-gBmQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=comparative%20analysis%20for%20organizations&f=false.

• This literature will provide the research a theoretical overview on international organizations. Since I will be comparing EU and ASEAN, it is important to give a theoretical background on political, structural and legal perspectives on those institutions. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?id=cROAAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=theory+on+international+organizations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjG3ZDny9fVAhXhPZoKHcjNBSMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=theory%20on%20international%20organizations&f=false.



CHAPTER 1

1.1: Terrorism – historical approach, development, domestic and international, literature, profile of terrorists, organizations in the EU and ASEAN and the consequences for these regions.

• This literature will provide a full background on the typology of terrorism, with different perspectives and meanings of the word. Moreover, it will present political theories on the matter. It can be accessed on https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Up4uDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=terrorism&ots=RwJvRtImne&sig=H3SplJz8x3_EUlPnlGmcnPjWOjg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=terrorism&f=false.

• This academic literature is a review on the different dimensions that the word terrorism presents. It is important once it is a detailed description of the political background connect to what we now understand as terrorism. It can be accessed on https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=onUFTqkP7sAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=counter+terrorism&ots=kC1dInRUdL&sig=9WsEmxVd_caPX_HmxowuQvV8ys0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=counter%20terrorism&f=false.

• This is an academic literature providing theories of terrorism and case studies to compare their arguments. It will be fundamental once it provides a contemporary definition on terrorism and it foresees the future agenda for states to fight this enemy. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=omWNAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=counter+terrorism+theory&ots=wJXMBIkaw8&sig=de3sbZTsKv11OOO4n8NM6Glbo8A&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=counter%20terrorism%20theory&f=false.

• This literature will provide the study with a political view on terrorism, the methods and counter-measures that can be used on the fight against counter-terrorism. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QwMdC3hoezEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=counter+terrorism+theory&ots=rayxXuJjE2&sig=p-d5hYSCyFNc3sVJ-26j21_-9Wc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=counter%20terrorism%20theory&f=false.

• This is a specific study on the fight against terrorism on the Mediterranean. It provides an overview on the EU security policies and how it acts on the region. It can be accessed on: http://euromesco.net/euromesco/images/paper71eng.pdf.



1.2: EU and ASEAN – historical approach, development, economic, politic, social and security structure.

• This is the main page for brief explanation on the EU Council, which is responsible for the counter-terrorism measures. It can be accessed on: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/.

• This is the main page for brief explanation on the ASEAN Council, which is responsible for the counter-terrorism measures. It can be accessed on: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/asean-association-southeast-asian-nations.

• This is a complete academic literature on the unification of the EU. It provides the unification process since 1945 until the present. This will be a key literature for the explanation of the EU historical background. It can be accessed on: https://www.rienner.com/uploads/47e029fe2f724.pdf.

• This literature has a more structural overview on the EU. It will be important to explain the organization of the institution, the division of powers and later to explain the Council for counter-terrorism. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qTM0CwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=European+Union&ots=1hZiVrYYvc&sig=X_xHi3QhDXegrdo7i1AxDa287S4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=European%20Union&f=false.

• This literature explain in details the construction of the ASEAN community focusing on the norms, the security strategies and the managerial areas of the institution. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HUEsAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=ASEAN&ots=4VqpLQGP_v&sig=Sdut4arJsRbcJA3n0Glp7OQDsgQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ASEAN&f=false.

• This book dives into the regionalism of South East Asia, explaining the cooperation and relationships among the countries and the institutionalization of the ASEAN. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=miPv9G7nTvUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=southeast+asian+nations&ots=TC-rFHmhng&sig=atbP5HiGvvg6E4kbb2ltJBScxaw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=southeast%20asian%20nations&f=false.









CHAPTER 2

2.1 + 2.2: EU and ASEAN counter-terrorism efforts – structure of the area, which actors are involved, what are the legal procedures involved, who is planning the policy and if it is connected to other areas of the organizations.

• This academic literature will explain in details the full strategy of the EU on the fight against counter-terrorism. Furthermore, it will it will explain the problems and challenges that the institution is facing against effective results. It can be accessed on: http://library.coleurope.eu/pdf/CER/keohane.pdf.

• This is an academic review on the evolution of the counter-terrorism measures in the EU. It will explain, the construction of the EU Council to fight counter-terrorism, the cooperation system and the strategies used throughout the development of this are. It can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TZP7AwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=eu+counter+terrorism+efforts&ots=Mn7LGdpy9p&sig=6bnPkScOCUScIfow94a52B0slFE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=eu%20counter%20terrorism%20efforts&f=false.

• Analytical view on the EU counter-terrorism policies. It is important to enrich the view on the structure and process of the European security strategies. Can be accessed on: https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0aB1CbdNCc8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=oldrich+bures&ots=X8FCTonD3L&sig=I5_kj8E8qzjMzXIiqLZOvdfYeQw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=oldrich%20bures&f=false.

CHAPTER 3

3.1: Comparative Analysis

• The idea is to formulate a table of the comparative tools for this thesis. Describing the main differences between the institutional frameworks, actors involved on the policy-making, legal measures, successful goals and improvement areas on both efforts from EU and ASEAN.

Conclusions: On this section, the literature will be a summary of all the analysis that it has been done during the research, closing with the results found.

Předběžná náplň práce

In the past decade, the political world has seen a shift on the global institutions strategies on the fight against terrorism. The aftermath of the 9/11 launched an unprecedented fear over terrorist organizations and demanded immediate actions from global leaders. In this scenario, the cooperation among global institutions became necessary in order to formulate political strategies for counter-terrorism actions. Therefore, this research explores how the EU and ASEAN formulate their policies in the fight against terrorism with a main focus on the comparative analysis between these two organizations. The thesis will aim to analyze the legal and the organizational structure in order to understand the main gaps and the developments that EU and ASEAN acquired by their counter-terrorism measures. Structurally, first some historical background on terrorism and on the agenda of the institutions will be provided in order to give some basic knowledge on the matter. Second, the author will describe the efforts fulfilled by the counter-terrorism agenda and finally, a comparative analysis will be conducted for a broader understanding of the policies to fight terrorist groups.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

Master Thesis - Strong Outline

Topic: Comparative Analysis on EU and ASEAN counter-terrorism efforts.

Research questions:
• Following the increase of terrorist actions in different regions, what are the main policies adopted by the EU and ASEAN on their counter-terrorism strategies? What are the procedures adopted by each organization?
• How ASEAN and EU institutionalize their counter-terrorism strategies, what is the legal procedures and which actors are behind it?

Introduction: The event of 9/11 launched a global fight on terrorism, calling for strategies to eliminate terror leaders and acts motivated by it. Since then, governments and regional organizations such as the EU (European Union) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) initiated their efforts to fight counter-terrorism in local and global cooperation. EU and ASEAN are each driven by different motivations and chose to adopt certain approaches on the matter. The understanding of the structure and which actors are involved on the policy-making of counter-terrorism measures, called my attention to research about this topic.

Theory and methodology: Comparative analysis

CHAPTER 1

1.1: Terrorism – historical approach, development, domestic and international, literature, profile of terrorists, organizations in the EU and ASEAN and the consequences for these regions. The idea in this first part, is to present the historical background of terrorism and how it developed after the 9/11 event, establishing different definitions over the theme. Also to briefly explain how domestic and international terrorism are defined. Finally, it will be analyzed how this kind of violence impacts on the social, political and economic structure of these two regional organizations.

1.2: EU and ASEAN – historical approach, development, economic, politic, social and security structure. This section aims an explanation of the structure of both organizations, in order to provide a clear idea of how they are organized, how the policies are planned (socially, politically and economically) and how the security strategy have changed on the aftermath of the 9/11. Finally, connected with the security strategy, it will be introduced how counter-terrorism became an agenda matter on EU and ASEAN.

1.3: Counter-terrorism in EU agenda – a review on counter-terrorism, how it became an agenda issue for EU security strategies. In this section, the idea is to bring a review on counter-terrorism literature, explaining its’ fundamentals, tools and main mechanisms of defense. Further, to continue the explanation on how it became an agenda matter how was the development of this issue for the EU and what is the future planning.

1.4: Counter-terrorism in ASEAN agenda – a review on counter-terrorism, how it became an agenda issue for ASEAN security strategies. In this section, the idea is to continue the explanation on how it became an agenda matter how was the development of this issue for the ASEAN and what is the future planning.

1.5: Methodology – how the comparative analysis will be done, which subjects will be compared and how to measure the final results. In this section, it will be explained how the comparative analysis will be done on this thesis. It will be detailed the areas of analysis, why they were chosen and how it will be possible to measure the efforts of EU and ASEAN using these comparative tools.


CHAPTER 2

2.1: EU Counter-terrorism efforts – The counter-terrorism efforts – structure of the area, which actors are involved, what are the legal procedures involved, who is planning the policy and if it is connected to other areas of the organizations. This last section is dedicated to the detailed explanation of the counter-terrorism area structure on both organizations. Moreover, it will cover the main actors who are involved on the policy making and on the administrative functions of the organization and also how the law enforcement agencies are organized and how do the influence on the policy making process.

2.2: ASEAN Counter-terrorism efforts - The counter-terrorism efforts – structure of the area, which actors are involved, what are the legal procedures involved, who is planning the policy and if it is connected to other areas of the organizations. This last section is dedicated to the detailed explanation of the counter-terrorism area structure on both organizations. Moreover, it will cover the main actors who are involved on the policy making and on the administrative functions of the organization and also how the law enforcement agencies are organized and how do the influence on the policy making process.



CHAPTER 3

3.1: Comparative Analysis – the efforts of both organizations will be compared and analyzed. This last part will aim the comparative analysis on the efforts and politics of both organizations. The idea on this section is to have a clear perspective on the changes that EU and ASEAN have done to fight counter-terrorism.



Conclusions
Final analysis – analysis of the information collected on the study and summarized the relevant data. The chapter will present the final analysis on the comparison between the policies of EU and ASEAN in the fight against counter-terrorism. The goal is to have a final result on the effectiveness of their efforts, aiming to analyze whether they are achieving good results or if there is still place for improvement. Closing this chapter will be a brief discussion on the future planning’s’ for the counterterrorism strategy of EU and ASEAN.