Central Asian Foreign Fighters in Syria
| Název práce v češtině: | Zahraniční bojovníci ze Střední Asie v Sýrii |
|---|---|
| Název v anglickém jazyce: | Central Asian Foreign Fighters in Syria |
| Klíčová slova: | Zahraniční bojovníci, radikalizace, rekrutace, Sýrie, Střední Asie, Kazachstán, Kyrgyzstán, Uzbekistán, Turkmenistán, Tádžikistán |
| Klíčová slova anglicky: | Foreign fighters, radicalization, recruitment, Syria, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan |
| Akademický rok vypsání: | 2015/2016 |
| Typ práce: | diplomová práce |
| Jazyk práce: | angličtina |
| Ústav: | Katedra bezpečnostních studií (23-KBS) |
| Vedoucí / školitel: | prof. Mgr. Oldřich Bureš, Ph.D., M.A. |
| Řešitel: | skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem |
| Datum přihlášení: | 23.06.2016 |
| Datum zadání: | 20.07.2016 |
| Datum a čas obhajoby: | 06.09.2018 08:30 |
| Místo konání obhajoby: | Jinonice - U Kříže 8, Praha 5, J3093, Jinonice - místn. č. 3093 |
| Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: | 31.07.2018 |
| Datum proběhlé obhajoby: | 06.09.2018 |
| Oponenti: | Mgr. Jakub Záhora, Ph.D. |
| Kontrola URKUND: | |
| Zásady pro vypracování |
| Thesis: The patterns of foreign fighters’ radicalization, contact facilitation and travel, as well as their return back home are essential for our understanding of modern patterns of religious-based terrorism. The findings pertaining to the Central Asian fighters should facilitate the Western response to the issue and, as a result, steadily help increase security around Syria and in the wider region, including Europe.
Methodology: In terms of methodology, the proposed thesis is a case study of Central Asia. Under Central Asia, we understand mostly Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Exact geographical focus within the topic will depend on the availability of data, the bulk of which will be gathered during a field trip to the region. |
| Seznam odborné literatury |
| Tentative list of sources
Archick, Kristin, Paul Belkin, Christopher M. Blanchard, Carla E. Humud, and Derek E. Mix. European Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Assessments, Responses, and Issues for the United States. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 7-5700: 2015. Bakke, Kristin M. “Help Wanted? The Mixed Record of Foreign Fighters in Domestic Insurgencies.” International Security Vol. 38, No. 4 (Spring 2014): 150-187. Bakker, Edwin, Christoph Paulussen and Eva Entenmann. “Returning Jihadist Foreign Fighters: Challenges Pertaining to Threat Assessment and Governance of this Pan-European Problem.” Security and Human Rights 25 (2014): 11-32. Barrett, Richard. Foreign Fighters in Syria. New York: The Soufan Group, 2014. Barrett, Richard, et al. Foreign Fighters: An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq. New York: The Soufan Group, 2015. Byman Daniel. “The Homecomings: What Happens When Arab Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria Return?” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 8 (2015): 581-602. Carter, Joseph A., and Shiraz Maher, Peter R. Neumann. #Greenbirds: Measuring Importance and Influence in Syrian Foreign Fighter Networks. London: ICSR, 2014. Council of the European Union. The challenge of foreign fighters and the EU’s response. EU Council Factsheet. Brussels, 9 October 2014. de Bie, Jasper L., Christianne J. de Poot and Joanne P. van der Leun. “Shifting Modus Operandi of Jihadist Foreign Fighters From the Netherlands Between 2000 and 2013: A Crime Script Analysis,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015): 416-440. de Roy, Jeanine van Zuijdewijn, and Edwin Bakker. Returning Western foreign fighters: The case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2014. ICCT Background Note June 2014. Deni, John R. “Threats Within and Without Beyond Information Sharing: NATO and the Foreign Fighter Threat.” Parameters Vol. 45 No. 2 (Summer 2015): 47-60. Duyvesteyn, Isabelle, and Bram Peeter. Fickle Foreign Fighters? A Cross-Case Analysis of Seven Muslim Foreign Fighter Mobilisations (1980-2015). The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2015. European Commission. Preventing Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism: Strengthening the EU’s Response. Brussels, 15.1.2014. COM(2013) 941 final. Foreign Fighters: Eurojust’s Views on the Phenomenon and the Criminal Justice Response. Updated Report Summary of Main Findings January 2015. “Foreign fighters. Member States’ responses and EU action in an international context.” A Report by European Parliament. Brussels: EU, 2015. Global Counterterrorism Forum. First Expert Meeting of the GCTF “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” Initiative: Police and Border Law Enforcement, Judiciary, and Information Sharing 14-15 May 2014 Marrakech, Morocco Summary. Global Counterterrorism Forum. Opening Meeting of the GCTF “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” Initiative 19-20 February 2014 The Hague Summary. Global Counterterrorism Forum. Second Expert Meeting of the GCTF “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” Initiative: Countering Violent Extremism Responses to the Challenge of FTF 16-17 June 2014 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Summary. Hegghammer, Thomas. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting.” American Political Science Review Vol. 107 No. 1 (February 2013): 1-15. Hegghammer, Thomas. “The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad.” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Winter 2010/11): 53–94. Hewitt, Christopher, and Jessica Kelley-Moore. “Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A Cross-National Analysis of Jihadism.” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 21 No. 2 (2009): 211-220. Iashlavskii, A. “Dzhikhadisty iz Evropy na Blizhnem Vostoke: Skrytaia i iavnaia ugroza.” Mirovaia ékonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia. No. 10 (2015): 18-29. Iashlavskii, A. “Ékstremistskie gruppirovki v siriiskoi grazhdanskoi voine: novye igroki i novye ugrozy.” Mirovaia ékonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia. No. 10 (2014): 93-104. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. Prisons and Terrorism Radicalisation and De-radicalisation in 15 Countries. London: ICSR, 2010. Jones, Seth G. “Syria’s Growing Jihad.” Survival, Vol. 55, No. 4 (2013): 53-72. Kim, Younkyoo, and Stephen Blank. “Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Russia: Contending Paradigms and Current Perspectives.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 36 No. 11 (2013): 917-932. Klausen, Jytte. “Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 1 (2015): 1-22. Kraehenmann, Sandra. Foreign Fighters under International Law. Geneva: Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, October 2014. Levitt, Matthew. “Foreign Fighters and Their Economic Impact: A Case Study of Syriaand al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).” Perspectives on Terrorism Vol. 3 No. 3 (2009): 14-24. Lister, Charles. “Returning Foreign Fighters: Criminalization or Reintegration?” Foreign Policy Brief. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2015. Malet, David. “Foreign Fighter Mobilization and Persistence in a Global Context.” Terrorism and Political Violence Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015): 454-473. Malet, David. “Framing to Win: The Transnational Recruitment of Foreign Fighters.” In National and Ethnic Conflict in the 21st Century: Nonstate Actors in Intrastate Conflicts. Ed. by Dan Miodownik and Oren Barak. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. Malet, David. “Why Foreign Fighters? Historical Perspectives and Solutions.” Orbis (Winter 2010): 97-114. Malet, David. Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civil Conflicts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Mel’nikov, Andrei. “Khalifat rekrutiruet Sredniuiu Aziiu.” NG Religii 4 (4. 3. 2015): 7. Moore, Cerwyn. “Introductory Comments to Foreign Fighters Research: Special Mini-Series.” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015): 393-394. Morozov, Iu. “Vliianie blizhnevostochnogo krizisa na natsional’nye interesy gosudarstv ShOS.” Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka. No. 4 (2012): 27-40. Mullins, Sam. “Foreign Fighters in Syria.” per Concordiam. Journal of European Security and Defense Issues. Vol. 5 No. 3 (2014): 36-44. Mustapha, Jennifer. “The Mujahideen in Bosnia: the foreign fighter as cosmopolitan citizen and/or terrorist.” Citizenship Studies Vol. 17, No. 6-7 (2013): 742-755. Nilsson, Marco. “Foreign Fighters and the Radicalization of Local Jihad: Interview Evidence from Swedish Jihadists.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 5 (2015): 343-358. Peresin, Anita, and Alberto Cervone. “The Western Muhajirat of ISIS.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 7 (2015): 495-509. RAN Collection Preventing Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism. Radicalisation Awareness Network. Brussels. 2015 edition. Recruitment and Mobilisation for the Islamist Militant Movement in Europe. A study carried out by King’s College London for the European Commission (Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security). London: ICSR, 2007. Reyes, Liana Eustacia, and Shlomi Dinar. “The Convergence of Terrorism and Transnational Crime in Central Asia.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 5 (2015): 380-393. Rich, Ben, and Dara Conduit. “The Impact of Jihadist Foreign Fighters on Indigenous Secular-Nationalist Causes: Contrasting Chechnya and Syria.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 2 (2015): 113-131. Svistunova, I. A. “Turtsiia i problema bor’by s Islamskim Gosudarstvom.” Aziia i Afrika segodnia No. 8 (August 2015): 24-29. The Political Science of Syria’s War. POMEPS Studies 5. Project on Middle East Political Science. Washington, DC: George Washington University, 2013. Treatment of Foreign Fighters in Selected Jurisdictions. Washington, D.C.: The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2014. Ustinov, E. I. “Siriia: étnokonfesional’nyi aspekt krizisa.” Aziia i Afrika segodnia No. 6 (June 2014): 30-35. Van San, Marion. “Striving in the Way of God: Justifying Jihad by Young Belgian and Dutch Muslims.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Vol. 38 No. 5 (2015): 328-342. van Ginkel, Bibi, and Eva Entenmann, eds. The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union: Profiles, Threats & Policies. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2016. ICCT Research Paper April 2016. Williams, Brian Glyn, “On the Trail of the ‘Lions of Islam’: Foreign Fighters in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 1980–2010.” In The Foreign Fighters Problem, Recent Trends and Case Studies: Selected Essays. Ed. by Michael P. Noonan. Philadelphia, PA: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2011. Zenn, Jacob. “Increasing Numbers of Central Asians Jihadists in Syria.” Central Asia-Caucasus |
| Předběžná náplň práce |
| Structure:
1/ Introduction Foreign fighters are arguably the most dangerous phenomenon that has appeared over the course of the Syrian civil war. Individuals of various ethnic and religious origin participate in fighting. Yet, Western research of this issue has so far centered predominantly on fighters originating from Western Europe. In order to be able to deal with the threat more thoroughly, it is important to investigate and analyze other groups of fighters as well. In Syria, Central Asians are one of the most largely represented and prominent ones. 2/ Brief history and general trends Foreign fighters – specifics, legal definitions, involvement in previous armed conflicts (Afghanistan 1980s, Bosnia, Afghanistan 2000s, Iraq). The ebb and flow of foreign fighters in Syria, numbers, representation by nationality/ethnicity. Central Asians in Syria – which groups are present, how they are organized and linked, what the mutual relations among the fighters with different background are. Leading or other important personalities and Central Asian participation in key battles will be also dealt with. 3/ Radicalization and motivation – what is the fuse? a. socio-economic factors – way to earn good money, temporary job abroad b. democratic deficits and authoritarianism – radicalization as a means of political opposition to the ruling regime, c. religious factors – ultraconservative or radical understanding of Islam, influence of foreign preachers, the state’s (often repressive) stance towards religion, e.g. state control of mosques and religious schools, attempts at secularization d. measures against radicalization 4/ Contact facilitation and travel arrangements – what are the means? a. connection to home-grown terrorist networks (e.g. the IMU) b. labor migration and work abroad as a means of radicalization c. the role of criminal networks therein d. strategies, other steps and measures aimed at preventing the individuals from traveling to theater 5/ The fighters’ return and their home states’ reaction – what are the consequences? a. motivation for homecoming (and alternative options), life after the return b. official reaction – imprisonment, trials, intelligence gathering, public awareness campaigns or other, preventative measures, strategies, action plans c. local community’s reaction to returned fighters – ostracization, or appreciation? d. follow-up lone wolf or group terrorist activity conducted at home or abroad 6/ Conclusion Discussion of the main findings based on the research to be done. |
| Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce |
| Structure:
1/ Introduction Foreign fighters are arguably the most dangerous phenomenon that has appeared over the course of the Syrian civil war. Individuals of various ethnic and religious origin participate in fighting. Yet, Western research of this issue has so far centered predominantly on fighters originating from Western Europe. In order to be able to deal with the threat more thoroughly, it is important to investigate and analyze other groups of fighters as well. In Syria, Central Asians are one of the most largely represented and prominent ones. 2/ Brief history and general trends Foreign fighters – specifics, legal definitions, involvement in previous armed conflicts (Afghanistan 1980s, Bosnia, Afghanistan 2000s, Iraq). The ebb and flow of foreign fighters in Syria, numbers, representation by nationality/ethnicity. Central Asians in Syria – which groups are present, how they are organized and linked, what the mutual relations among the fighters with different background are. Leading or other important personalities and Central Asian participation in key battles will be also dealt with. 3/ Radicalization and motivation – what is the fuse? a. socio-economic factors – way to earn good money, temporary job abroad b. democratic deficits and authoritarianism – radicalization as a means of political opposition to the ruling regime, c. religious factors – ultraconservative or radical understanding of Islam, influence of foreign preachers, the state’s (often repressive) stance towards religion, e.g. state control of mosques and religious schools, attempts at secularization d. measures against radicalization 4/ Contact facilitation and travel arrangements – what are the means? a. connection to home-grown terrorist networks (e.g. the IMU) b. labor migration and work abroad as a means of radicalization c. the role of criminal networks therein d. strategies, other steps and measures aimed at preventing the individuals from traveling to theater 5/ The fighters’ return and their home states’ reaction – what are the consequences? a. motivation for homecoming (and alternative options), life after the return b. official reaction – imprisonment, trials, intelligence gathering, public awareness campaigns or other, preventative measures, strategies, action plans c. local community’s reaction to returned fighters – ostracization, or appreciation? d. follow-up lone wolf or group terrorist activity conducted at home or abroad 6/ Conclusion Discussion of the main findings based on the research to be done. |