Parakratos in Post-Civil War Greece: Reality and Interpretation

• Název práce v češtině: Parastát v Řecku po občanské válce: Realita a Interpretace
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Parakratos in Post-Civil War Greece: Reality and Interpretation
• Klíčová slova: Řecko; Studená válka; Řecká občanská válka (1946-1949); antikomunismus; paramilitarismus; parapolitika; parastát; hluboký stát; konspirační teorie; konceptuální historie; historiografie
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Greece; Cold War; Greek Civil War (1946-1949); anti-communism; paramilitarism; parapolitics; parakratos; deep state; conspiracy theories; conceptual history; historiography
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2014/2015
• Typ práce: disertační práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra ruských a východoevropských studií (23-KRVS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. PhDr. Kateřina Králová, Ph.D., M.A.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 13.10.2014
• Datum zadání: 13.10.2014
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 13.09.2021 09:00
• Místo konání obhajoby: Pekařská 10, JPEK222, 222, Zasedací místnost
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 29.04.2021
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 13.09.2021
• Oponenti: prof. Gonda van Steen

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Předběžná náplň práce

Na základě historiografické analýzy, archivního výzkumu a dobového tisku zpracovává tato disertační práce problematiku parastátu (řec. parakratos, ang. deep state nebo parastate) v Řecku v období po občanské válce (1949-1967). K problému přistupuje ze čtyř perspektiv: zaprvé, parastát diskutuje v kontextu akademických debat o parapolitice a konceptech duálního státu, bezpečnostního státu a hlubokého státu; a prezentuje ho jako studenoválečný paralelní mocenský mechanismus, analogický k podobným případům v Itálii a Turecku. Zadruhé, parastát analyzuje jako součást řecké politické reality prismatem dějinných událostí tak, jak je zdokumentovala řecká historiografie. V tomto smyslu se disertace soustředí na vznik a činnost tajných vojenských skupin a parastátních ultranacionalistických organizací, které zkoumá ve vztahu s řeckým politickým, právním a sociálním prostředím. Na oba jevy nahlíží optikou neefektivního řeckého politického a administrativního systému, hluboce rozdělené společnosti, zpolitizovaného veřejného prostoru a přetrvávajících klientelistických sítí založených na principu politické loajality. Zatřetí, parastát je probádán na úrovni interpretace jako termín a koncept užívaný řeckou historiografií. S ohledem na předpokládané kořeny parastátu, jeho aktéry, cíle a vztah vůči státu jsou vymezeny jeho tři hlavní podoby (polovojenský, vojenský, a konspirační). Začtvrté, se tato disertace věnuje konspiračnímu diskursu o parastátu, který spojuje s protipravicovou politickou rétorikou, a potažmo s řeckou levicovou historiografií. V souladu s konceptuální historií tato případová studie parastátu ukazuje, že k získání nového pohledu na období po řecké občanské válce je třeba zásadně revidovat užívané termíny. Nejenže koncepty, jakým je i parastát, z tohoto období ideologicky vycházejí, ale rovněž je i definují, čímž také určují úhel interpretace, který volíme.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

Based on a historiographical, archival and media analysis, this doctoral thesis explores the phenomenon of parakratos (translated as deep state or parastate) in post-civil war Greece (1949-1967). Research perspectives are fourfold: Firstly, parakratos is discussed in the context of academic debates on parapolitics and the concepts of the dual state, the security state and the deep state; and presented as a Cold War parallel power mechanism, analogical to Italy and Turkey. Secondly, parakratos is analysed as part of domestic political reality through the prism of the historical events documented in Greek historiography. In this sense, the thesis concentrates on the emergence and operation of clandestine military groups and parastate ultra-nationalist organisations against the backdrop of the Greek political, legal and social environment. Both phenomena are elaborated on through the lens of the inefficient Greek political and administrative system, a deeply divided society, the politicisation of the public space, and the persistence of clientelist networks constructed upon political loyalties. Third, the parakratos is examined on an interpretative level as a term and concept employed in Greek historiography. Focusing on its presumed roots, actors, purposes and relations with the state, three dominant images of the parakratos (paramilitary, military, and conspiratorial) are outlined. Fourth, the thesis indicates that the parakratos-related conspiratorial discourse was linked with the anti-Right political speech, which subsequently influenced the left-wing historiography on post-civil war Greece. In compliance with conceptual history, the case study of the parakratos shows that to take a fresh look at post-civil war Greek history, a major revision of used terms is needed. Not only do concepts such as the parakratos stem from the respective period, but they also define it, thus determining which angle of interpretation we will take.