Témata prací (Výběr práce)

Váš prohlížeč nepodporuje JavaScript nebo je jeho podpora vypnutá. Některé funkce nemusejí být dostupné.

Private Military Companies and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: A Case Study of Iraq

Název práce v češtině:	Soukromé vojenské společnosti a reforma bezpečnostního sektoru v post-konfliktních státech: Případová studie Iráku
Název v anglickém jazyce:	Private Military Companies and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: A Case Study of Iraq
Klíčová slova:	Soukromé vojenské společnosti, bezpečnostní sektor, reforma bezpečnostního sektoru, post-konfliktní rekonstrukce, privatizace bezpečnosti, Irák, USA.
Klíčová slova anglicky:	Private military companies, security sector, security sector reform, post-conflict reconstruction, privatisation of security, Iraq, the United States.
Akademický rok vypsání:	2010/2011
Typ práce:	diplomová práce
Jazyk práce:	angličtina
Ústav:	Katedra mezinárodních vztahů (23-KMV)
Vedoucí / školitel:	prof. Mgr. Oldřich Bureš, Ph.D., M.A.
Řešitel:	skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
Datum přihlášení:	28.03.2011
Datum zadání:	19.05.2011
Datum a čas obhajoby:	25.06.2012 00:00
Místo konání obhajoby:	IPS FSV UK, U Kříže 8, 158 00 Praha 5 - Jinonice
Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby:	17.05.2012
Datum proběhlé obhajoby:	25.06.2012
Oponenti:	PhDr. JUDr. Tomáš Karásek, Ph.D.

Zásady pro vypracování

Definition of the topic:
The reliance of the U.S. on private military companies (PMCs) has highly increased since 1990 and the number of PMCs grew rapidly after the terrorist attacks in September 2001. In 2003, there were plans to intensify the use of private forces; one out of ten personnel deployed to Iraq was the employee of private military or security company. PMCs have been used for a wide range of tasks including the security sector reform in Iraq and other post-conflict countries. However, several dilemmas about the use of PMCs in this area have appeared. Among such dilemmas belong the lack of democratic and legal accountability, weak transparency and lack of the information about the performance of PMCs. The diploma thesis will discuss the limitations as well as benefits of the use of PMCs for the security-sector reform with the focus on Iraq.

Grounds for the selection of the topic

PMCs have become the challenge to the state’s monopoly over the legitimate use of force and they play multitask role during the conflicts as well as post-conflict reconstruction. Regardless of the critique and questions over the morality of their incidence, the amount of PMCs in the armed conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction has been increasing. Apart from other tasks, PMCs have been involved in the security-sector reform in Iraq, which raises several questions. Effective reform of security sector is one of the important preconditions for the country in transition such as Iraq to become stable, safe and democratic and therefore, it deserves a high attention. The use of military and security services provided by the private forces has had an increasing tendency and therefore, analysis of their incidence in the area of security sector reform is important especially for their future involvement in the post-conflict reconstruction. I have chosen the case study of Iraq because of the massive use of PMC services during Iraq war as well as in the post-conflict reconstruction.

The aims of the paper: The objective of this paper is to examine the involvement of PMCs in the security-sector reform in Iraq. Second, I will analyse the limitations and benefits of the use of PMCs in the security-sector reform.

Research question: What are the key shortcomings and benefits stemming from the use of PMCs services by the U.S. government for the security-sector reform in Iraq?

Method of the thesis: The topic will be analysed as the unique case study because it is examined for its specific aspects. The aim of the thesis is not to test the theory but to deeply explore the use of the PMCs by U.S. in the area of security sector reform in Iraq in order to reveal the benefits and shortcomings and provide the recommendation for the improvement. The case of Iraq is specific for the large number of contractors involved and wide range of military and security tasks they perform. Moreover, through the deep analysis of Iraq experience the thesis will contribute to more general knowledge about the steps, which should be done in order to achieve the security sector reform leading to democratic and stable state. The analysis of the use of PMCs in different areas of security sector reform and the recommendations for improvement will eliminate the descriptive nature of the thesis. Many problems in the Iraq appeared that could be used as the lessons learned for the future cases of the use of PMCs services.

Anticipated hypothesis: The assistance of private military companies contributed to the development of the security sector reform in Iraq and therefore, the benefits of their assistance prevail.

Seznam odborné literatury

Bibliography
Topical monographs
Ballard, Kyle M. (2007) The Privatization of Military Affairs: A Historical Look into the Evolution of the Private Military Industry. In: Jäger, Thomas and Kümmel, Gerhard (eds.) (2007) Private Military and Security Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 37-54
Bearpark, Andrew and Schulz, Sabrina (2007) The future of the market. In: Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (eds.) (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 239-250
Bensahel, Nora, Oliker, Olga, and Peterson, Heather (2009) Improving Capacity for Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations (Santa Monica: RAND)
Briody, Dan (2004) The Halliburton agenda: the politics of oil and money (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Brzoska, Michael and Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas (2004) Security Sector Reform and Post-Conflict Reconstruction under International Auspices. In: Bryden, Alan and Hänggi, Heiner (eds.) (2004) Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector (Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces [DCAF]), pp. 121-142
Bureš, Oldřich and Nedvědická Vendula (2011b) Soukromé vojenské společnosti: Staronoví aktéři mezinárodní bezpečnosti [Private Military Companies: Old yet New Actors in International Security] (Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk)
Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (eds.) (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press)
Cole, Beth (ed.) (2009) Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction (Washington: USIP Press)
Cordesman, Anthony H. and Mausner, Adam (2009) Withdrawal from Iraq: Assessing the Readiness of Iraqi Security Forces (Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies [CSIS])
Dobbins, James (et al.) (2009) Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation)
Drulák, Petr (ed.) (2008) Jak zkoumat politiku? Kvalitativní metodologie v politologii a mezinárodních vztazích [How to Examine Politics? Qualitative Methodology in Political Science and International Relations] (Praha: Portál)
Giustozzi, Antonio (2008) Shadow Ownership and SSR in Afghanistan. In: Donais, Timothy (ed.) (2008) Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform (Munich, Hamburg, London: LIT-Verlag for DCAF)
Hänggi, Heiner (2004) Conceptualizing Security Sector Reform and Reconstruction. In: Bryden, Alan and Hänggi, Heiner (eds.) (2004) Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector (Geneva: DCAF), pp. 3-20
Herman, Vlastimil (2008) Obnova Iráku: Pohled vojáka z povolání. In: Teorie a praxe postkonfliktní rekonstrukce [Theory and Praxis of Postconflict Reconstruction] (Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk), pp. 42-51
Hoffman, Bruce (2004) Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation)
Isenberg, David (2009) Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq (Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Publishing Group)
Jones, Seth G. (et al.) (2005) Establishing Law and Order After Conflict (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation)
Kinsey, Christopher (2006) Corporate Soldiers and International Security: The Rise of Private Military Companies (London: Routledge)
Kinsey, Christopher (2007) Private Security Companies: Agents of Democracy or Simply Mercenaries? In: Jäger, Thomas and Kümmel, Gerhard (eds.) (2007) Private Military and Security Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects. (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 87-104
Krahmann, Elke (2007) Transitional states in search of support: Private military companies and security sector reform. In: Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 94-114
Kramer, Daniel (2007) Does the History Repeat Itself? A Comparative Analysis of Private Military Entities. In: Jäger, Thomas and Kümmel, Gerhard (eds.) (2007) Private Military Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 23-36
Kumar, Krishna (1997) Rebuilding of Post-Conflict Societies After Civil War: Critical Roles for International Assistance (Boulder, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers)
Leander, Anna (2007) Regulating the role of private military companies in shaping security and politics. In: Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (eds.) (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 49-66
Lehnardt, Chia (2007) Private military companies and state responsibility. In: Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (eds.) (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 139-157
Lowther, Adam and Snow, Donald M. (2007) Americans and Asymmetric Conflict: Libanon, Somalia, and Afghanistan (Westport, London: Praeger)
Mancini, Francesco (2005) In Good Company? The role of business in security sector reform (London: Demos)
O’Brian, Kevin A. (2007) What should and what should not be regulated? In: Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (eds.) (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 29-48
Percy, Sarah (2007a) Mercenaries and regulation. In: Chesterman, Simone and Lehnardt, Chia (eds.) (2007) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 11-28
Percy, Sarah (2007b) Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations (London: Oxford University)
Rathmell, Andrew (et al.) (2005a) Developing Iraq’s Security Sector (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation)
Ryan, Stephen (2000) United Nations Peacekeeping: A Matter of Principles? In: Ramsbotham, Oliver And Woodhouse, Tom (eds.) (2000) Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution (London, Portland: Franc Cass Publishers), pp. 27-47
Serwer, Daniel and Thomson, Patricia (2008) A Framework for Success: International Intervention in Societies Emerging from Conflict. In: Chester, Crocker A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela (eds.) (2008) Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World (Washington: USIP Press), pp. 369-388
Singer, Peter W. (2008) Corporate Warriors: The Rise of Privatised Military Industry (Ithaca: Cornell University Press)
Störber, Jan (2007) Contracting in the Fog of War...Private Security Providers in Iraq: A Principal-Agent Analysis. In: Jäger, Thomas and Kümmel, Gerhard (eds.) (2007) Private Military and Security Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 121-134
Waisová, Šárka (2008) Poválečná obnova a budování míru. Role a strategie mezinárodních nevládních organizací [Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Peacebuilding. The Role and Strategies of International Non-Governmental Organizations] (Brno: Mezinárodní politologický ústav)
Waisová, Šárka (2011) Řešení konfliktů v mezinárodních vztazích [Conflict Resolution in International Relations] (Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk)
Zavičáková, Lucie (2008) Činnost Komise pro budování míru: teorie a praxe [The Work of the Peacebuilding Commission: Theory and Practice] In: Bureš, Oldřich (ed.) (2008) Teorie a praxe postkonfliktní rekonstrukce [Theory and Practice of Postconflict Reconstruction] (Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk), pp. 88-103
Scientific articles
Adams, Thomas (1999) The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict. Parameters. 29(2): 103-116
Avant, Deborah (2007) Contracting for Services in U.S. Military Operations. Political Science and Politics. 40(3): 457-460
Brayton, Steven (2002) Outsourcing War: Mercenaries and the Privatization of Peacekeeping. Journal of International Affairs. 55(2): 303-39
Bureš, Oldřich and Nedvědická, Vendula (2011a) Komparace využití soukromých vojenských společností administrativami George W. Bushe a Baracka Obamy [Comparison of the Use of Private Military Companies by the Administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama]. Obrana a Strategie.11(2): 111-134
Cleaver, Gerry (2000) Subcontracting military power: The privatization of security in contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. Crime, Law & Social Change. 33(1-2): 131-149
Diamond, Larry (2005) Building Democracy After Conflict. Lessons from Iraq. Journal of Democracy. 16(1): 9-23
Doyle, Michael W. and Sambanis, Nicholas (2000) International Peacekeeping: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis. American Political Science Review. 94(4): 779-801
Feil, Scott (2002) Building Better Foundations: Security in Postconflict Reconstruction. The Washington Quarterly. 25(4): 97-109
Hammes, Thomas X. (2011) Private Contractors in Conflict Zones. The Good, the Bad and the Strategic Impact. Joint Force Quarterly. 60, 1st quarter 2011, pp. 26-37
Hamre, John J. and Sullivan Gordon R. (2002) Towards Post-conflict Reconstruction. The Washington Quarterly. 24(3): 85-96
Hellinger, Daniel (2004) Humanitarian Action, NGOs and the Privatization of the Military. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 23(4): 192-220
Hynes, Patricia H. (2010) Afghanistan and the Marketplace of Violence. Fellowship. 76, Spring, pp. 34-35.
Kassebaum, David (2000) A Question of facts – the Legal Use of Private Security Firms in Bosnia. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 38(3): 581-602
Kidane, Won (2010) The Status of Private Military Contractors under International Humanitarian Law. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. 38, pp. 161-202
Miska, Steven M. (2005) Growing the Iraqi Security Forces. Military Review. July-August, pp. 64-69
Nevers, Renée De (2009) Private Security Companies and the Laws of War. Security Dialogue. 40(2): 169-190
Nossal, Kim Richard (1998) Roland goes corporate: Mercenaries and transnational security corporations in the post-war era. Civil Wars. 1(1): 16-35
Perry, David (2009) The privatization of the Canadian military: Afghanistan and beyond. International Journal. 64(3): 687-702
Rathmell, Andrew (2005b) Reforming Iraq’s Security Sector Reform. Our Exit Strategy from Iraq? RUSI Journal, 150(1): 8-11
Silverstein, Ken (1997) Privatizing War: How Affairs of State Are Outsourced to Corporations Beyond Public Control. The Nation. July 28, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/silver.htm
Singer (2001) Corporate Warriors. International Security. 26(3): 186-220
Singer, Peter W. (2003) Peacekeepers, Inc. Policy Review. 119: 59-70
Smith, Eugene (2002-03) The New Condottieri and US Policy: The Privatization of Conflict and Its Implications. Parameters, Winter, pp. 104-119
Snyder, David L. (2009) Civilian Military Contractors on Trial: The Case for Upholding the Amended Exceptional Jurisdiction Clause of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Texas International Law Journal. 44(65): 65-97
Stanger, Allison and Williams, Mark. E. (2006) Private Military Corporations: Benefits and Costs of Outsourcing Security. Yale Journal of International Affairs. 2(1): 4-19
Wither, James K. (2005) European Security and Private Military Companies: The Prospect for Privatized „Battlegroups“. The Quarterly Journal. 4(2): 107-126
Internet and other sources
Andrews, Edmund L. (2007) Bremer told Bush of plan to dissolve “Iraqi military and intelligence structures”. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/world/americas/04iht-bremer.1.7372961.html?_r=1 (13.3.2012)
Articles of War. An Act of Establishing Rules and Articles for the Government of the Armies of the United States, http://suvcw.org/education/documents/articles.htm (17.2.2012)
BBC (2011) Last US troop withdraw from Iraq, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16234723 (15.3.2012)
BBC (2012) Afghanistan ban on security firms comes into place, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17456025 (15.4.2012)
Benson, Matthew (2007) Border agents recruited for Iraq, The Arizona Republic, http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0519borderpatrol0519.html (8.4.2012)
Beutel, M. Dee (2006) Power Reconsidered: The Effects of Private Military Companies and the Need for Regulation Through International Collaboration. Conference Papers - American Political Science Association, Annual Meeting
Bremer, Paul (2003) Letter from Paul Bremer to George W. Bush. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/ref/washington/04bremer-text1.html?ref=washington (21.4.2012)
Brinkerhoff, John R. (1997) External Support for the Army in the Persian Gulf War. IDA Document D-2019, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA339879 (18.1.2012)
Calbreath, Dean (2004) Iraqi army, police force fall short on training. Sign on San Dieco.com, http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040704/news_mz1b4iraqi.html (15.4.2012)
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) (2005) Logistic Support for Deployed Military Forces, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/67xx/doc6794/10-20-militarylogisticssupport.pdf (26.2.2012)
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) (2008) Contractors’ Support of US Operations in Iraq. Pub. No. 3053, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/96xx/doc9688/08-12-iraqcontractors.pdf (26.2.2012)
Chatterjee, Pratap (2002) The War on Terrorism’s Gravy Train. CorpWatch, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=2471 (26.2.2012)
Chatterjee, Pratap (2008) Outsourcing Intelligence in Iraq: A CorpWatch Report on L-3/Titan. Updated December 2008 with the Recommendations from Amnesty International, CorpWatch, http://s3.amazonaws.com/corpwatch.org/downloads/Outsourcing%20Intelligence_Updated%20Dec%202008%20WEB.pdf (27.2.2012)
Chatterjee, Pratap and Thompson, A. C. (2004) Private Contractors and Torture at Abu Ghraib, Iraq. CorpWatch, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=10828 (6.3.2012)
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2: Dissolution of Entities, http://www.casi.org.uk/info/cpa/030523-CPA-Order2.pdf (19.2.2012)
Cole, August (2010) DynCorp’s Iraq Contracts With US Are Scrutinized. The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703415804575023293904363732.html (3.4.2012)
Collier, Paul (et al.) (2003) Breaking the Conflict Trap. Civil War and Development Policy. A World Bank Policy Research Report, http://homepage.mac.com/stazon/apartheid/files/BreakingConflict.pdf (15.1.2012)
Cordesman, Anthony H. (2007) Iraq’s Insurgency and Civil Violence: Developments through Late August 2007. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/070822_cordesman_iraq_report.pdf (19.2.2012)
CSC (2003) CSC’S DynCorp International awarded $50 million contract to support Iraqi law enforcement functions in Iraq. http://www.csc.com/newsroom/press_releases/2649-csc_s_dyncorp_international_awarded_50_million_contract_to_support_law_enforcement_functions_in_iraq (27.1.2012)
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Association of the United States Army (AUSA) (2002) Post-Conflict Reconstruction Task Framework, http://csis.org/images/stories/pcr/framework.pdf (7.4.2012)
Dawi, Akmal (2007) Security firms challenge state authority. E-Ariana, http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allArticles/AEB3A481D9C55612872572BB0054A1C7?OpenDocument (15.1.2012)
Defense News (2011) SIGIR: Iraq Forces Need Assistance Until 2020, http://www.defensenews.com/article/20111030/DEFSECT04/110300301/SIGIR-Iraq-Forces-Need-Assistance-Until-2020- (16.3.2012)
Democracy Now (2004) Blackwater USA: Building the „Largest Private Army in the World“, http://www.democracynow.org/2004/4/1/blackwater_usa_building_the_largest_private (22.1.2012)
Duffy, Michael (2008) The Surge at Year One. Time Magazine, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1708843,00.html (23.4.2012)
Dunlop, W. G. (2012) Mistrust begets sanction: Iraq wants to limit private security contractors. Middle East Online, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=50518 (27.4.2012)
DynCorp International (2008) DynCorp International Continues Police Training in Iraq. http://ir.dyn-intl.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=317787 (6.2.2012)
DynCorp International, Development. http://www.dyn-intl.com/what-we-do/development.aspx (17.4.2012)
DynCorp International, Training and Mentoring. http://www.dyn-intl.com/news-events/events/di-at-idex-2011/training-mentoring.aspx (5.1.2012)
Elsea, Jennifer, Schwartz, Moshe and Nakamura, Kennon H. (2008) Private Security Contractors in Iraq: Background, Legal Status, and Other Issues. Congressional Reasearch Service (CRS) Report for Congress, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32419.pdf (8.3.2012)
Fallows, James (2005) Why Iraq Has No Army. The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/12/why-iraq-has-no-army/4428/ (27.1.2012)
Fenner, Lorry M. (ed.) (2006) Stand Up and Be Counted: The Continuing Challenge of Iraqi Security Forces. US House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Forces, Subcommittee on Oversight & Investigations, http://democrats.armedservices.house.gov/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=2bfb0934-1745-4c80-8e21-205915e97cfb (21.1.2012)
Glanz, James (2010) New Fraud Cases Point to Lapses in Iraq Projects. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/world/middleeast/14reconstruct.html?_r=1 (2.2.2012)
Global Security, Iraqi Military Reconstruction, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/iraq-corps.htm (6.3.2012)
Global Security, War and Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/yugo-hist4.htm (14.4.2012)
Henderson, Anne Ellen (2005) The Coalition Provisional Authority’s Experience with Economic Reconstruction in Iraq: Lessons Identified. USIP, Special Report 138, http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr138.pdf (25.2.2012)
Hendrickson, Dylan (1999) A Review of Security-Sector Reform. The Conflict, Security & Development Group Working Paper No. 1, http://www.securityanddevelopment.org/pdf/work1.pdf (9.4.2012)
Higgs, Robert (1995) World War II and the Military-Industrial-Congressional Complex. Freedom Daily, http://www.fff.org/freedom/0595d.asp (15.2.2012)
Horton, Scott (2007) Providing Accountability for Private Military Contractors: Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee. Harper’s Magazine, June 19, http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/06/hbc-90000309 (7.3.2012)
International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries. UN Treaty Collection, http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-6&chapter=18&lang=en (9.4.2012)
Introduction to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Definition of Key Terms. UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Definitions.pdf (15.2.2012)
Isenberg, David (1997) Soldiers of Fortune Ltd.: A Profile of Today’s Private Sector Corporate Mercenary Firms. Center for Defense Information Monograph, http://www.aloha.net/~stroble/mercs.html (4.3.2012)
Isenberg, David (2004) A Fistful of Contractors: The Case for a Pragmatic Assessment Private Military Companies in Iraq. British American Security Information Council. Research Report 2004.4, http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3463.pdf (11.2.2012)
Isenberg, David (2006) A Government in Search of Cover: PMCs in Iraq. British American Security Information Council. Paper prepared for “Market Forces: Regulating Private Military Companies,” 23-24th March 2006 conference, Institute for International Law and Justice, New York University School of Law, http://www.mafhoum.com/press9/279P2.pdf (25.3.2012)
Isenberg, David (2008) The Top 10 PSCs in Iraq. CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9789 (28.4.2012)
Isenberg, David (2010) There They Go Again: DynCorp in Iraq. The Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/there-they-go-again-dynco_b_434688.html (10.4.2012)
Katzman, Kenneth (2008) Al-Qaeda in Iraq: Assessment and Outside Links. CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32217.pdf (20.2.2012)
Khalil, Peter (2006) Rebuilding and Reforming the Iraqi Security Sector: US Policy during Demoratic Transition. The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, Analysis paper no.9
KBR (2010) KBR to Continue LOGCAP III Work Supporting Army as LOGCAP IV Solicitation is Cancelled, Press Release, http://www.kbr.com/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2010/05/06/KBR-to-Continue-LOGCAP-III-Work-Supporting-Army-as-LOGCAP-IV-Solicitation-is-Cancelled/ (20.2.2012)
KBR, History, http://www.kbr.com/About/History/ (3.2.2012)
Kidwell, D. (2005) Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies. Global War on Terrorism. Combat Studies Institute Press, Occasional paper 12, Kansas, p. 15, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA446127 (25.4.2012)
Lamar, Janis (2003) Northrop Grumman Awarded $48 Million Contract to Train New Iraqi Army. GlobeNewswire, http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=42207 (4.2.2012)
Laporte-Oshiro, Alison (2012) Policing Iraq. United States Institute of Peace (USIP), http://www.usip.org/publications/policing-iraq (17.4.2012)
Lilly, Damian (2000) The Privatization of Peacekeeping: Prospects and Realities. Disarmament Forum, United Nations Institute for Disarmament, No. 3, p. 57, http://unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art135.pdf (10.2.2012)
Livingstone, Ian and O’Horton, Michael (2012) Afghanistan Index: Also including selected data on Pakistan. Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/afghanistan%20index/index.pdf
Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP). Army Regulation 700-137, 16 December 1985, http://www.apd.army.mil/jw2/xmldemo/r700_137/main.asp (18.1.2012)
Londoño, Ernesto (2010) Iraq’s Sunni insurgent groups gather to plot comeback amid political crisis. Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/31/AR2010053103116.html (16.3.2012)
Makinson, Larry (2004) Outsourcing the Pentagon: Who benefits from the Policy and Economics of National Security? The Centre for Public Integrity, http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2004/Pentagon-Outsourcing-CPI29sep04.htm (4.4.2012)
Masters, Jonathan (2012) Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/al-qaeda-iraq/p14811 (21.2.2012)
Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq. Report to Congress, November 2006, p. 39, http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/9010Quarterly-Report-20061216.pdf (23.1.2012)
Miller, Christian (2004) Military Suspends Firm Accused of Overbilling in Iraq. Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/09/world/fg-custer9 (9.4.2012)
Moss, Michael and Rohde, David (2006) Misjudgments Marred US Plans for Iraqi Police. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/world/middleeast/21security.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print (25.2.2012)
MPRI, What We Do, http://www.mpri.com/web/index.php/content/what_we_do/what_we_do/ (8.4.2012)
OECD (2007) OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Handbook on Security System Reform. Supporting Security and Justice, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/38406485.pdf (16.2.2012)
Patterson, Anne W. (2007) Contracting for the Iraqi Security Forces. Testimony before the House Committee on Armed Services, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2007_hr/070425-patterson.pdf (2.2. 2012)
Perito, Robert (2008) Iraq’s Interior Ministry: Frustrating Reform. United States Institute of Peace (USIP), http://www.usip.org/publications/iraq-s-interior-ministry-frustrating-reform (11.4.2012)
Perito, Robert and Kristoff, Madeline (2009a) Iraq’s Interior Ministry: the Key to Police Reform. USIP Peace Briefing, http://www.usip.org/files/iraq_interior_ministry_perito_kristoff.pdf (25.3.2012)
Perito, Robert (2009b) The Private Sector in Security Sector Reform: Essential But Not Yet Optimized. USIP Peace Briefing, http://www.usip.org/files/resources/USIP_0109.PDF (25.3.2012)
Peterson, Laura (2002) Privatising combat, the new world order. iWatch News, http://www.iwatchnews.org/2002/10/28/5678/privatizing-combat-new-world-order (16.4.2012)
Pfaff, Tony (2008) Development and Reform of the Iraqi Police Forces. Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub840.pdf (28.2.2012)
Pincus, Walter (2008) US Seeks Contractors to Train Iraqi Military. The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/03/AR2008050301678.html (17.4.2012)
Priest, Dana (2004) Private Guards Repel Attack on US Headquarters. The Washington Post, http://www.sandline.com/hotlinks/Wash_Post-Private_guards.html (3.2.2012)
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. International Humanitarian Law – Treaties and Documents, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebART/470-750057 (14.3.2012)
Rathmell, Andrew (2007) Fixing Iraq’s Internal Security Forces: Why is Reform of the Ministry of Interior so Hard? Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), PCR Project Special Briefing
Record, Jeffrey and Terrill, Andrew W. (2004) Iraq and Vietnam: Differences, Similarities, and Insights. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub377.pdf (7.4.2012)
Reuters (2009) DynCorp International Awarded New LOGCAP IV Task Order for Southern Afghanistan Support, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/08/idUS191919+08-Jul-2009+BW20090708 (18.3.2012)
Rosenfeld, Steven (2004) Iraq: Vinnell’s Army on the Defensive. CorpWatch, http://corpwatch.org/article.php?id=7842 (27.1.2012)
Rubin, Alissa J. and Kramer, Andrew E. (2007) Iraqi Premier Says Blackwater Shootings Challenge His Nation’s Sovereignty. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/24/world/middleeast/24iraq.html (4.3.2012)
Sandline International, http://www.sandline.com/site/ (11.3.2012)
Schmidt, Michael S. and Schmitt, Eric (2012) Flexing Muscle, Baghdad Detains US Contractors. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/16/world/middleeast/asserting-its-sovereignty-iraq-detains-american-contractors.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all (27.4.2012)
Schreier, Fred and Caparini, Marina (2005) Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Occasional Paper No. 6
Schwartz, Moshe (2009) The Department’s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Option for Congress. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/130803.pdf (2.2.2012)
Schwartz, Moshe and Swain, Joyprada (2011) Department of Defense Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background and Analysis. CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R40764.pdf (2.2.2012)
Shanker, Thom (2003) The Struggle for Iraq: Reconstruction; US is Speeding up Plan for Creating New Iraqi Army. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/18/world/struggle-for-iraq-reconstruction-us-speeding-up-plan-for-creating-new-iraqi-army.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm (15.4.2012)
Singer, Peter W. (2004a) The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What have we learned and where to next? Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Policy paper
Singer, Peter W. (2006) Humanitarian Principles, Private Military Agents: Implication of the Privatized Military Industry for the Humanitarian Community. Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/articles/2006/02defenseindustry_singer/singer20060307.pdf (6.3.2012)
Special Inspector General for Iraqi Reconstruction (SIGIR) (2010) Long-Standing Weaknesses in Department of State’s Oversight of DynCorp Contract for Support of the Iraqi Police Training Program. Report 10-008, http://www.sigir.mil/files/audits/10-008.pdf (10.4.2012)
Special Inspector General for Iraqi Reconstruction (SIGIR) (2011) Quarterly Report and Semiannual Report to the United States Congress, January, http://www.sigir.mil/files/quarterlyreports/January2011/Report_-_January_2011.pdf#view=fit (10.4.2012)
Stockman, Farah (2008) Top Iraq contractor skirts US taxes offshore. The Boston Globe, http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2008/03/06/top_iraq_contractor_skirts_us_taxes_offshore/?page=full (17.2.2012)
Šulc, František (2010) Počítání kontraktorů. On War, On Peace, http://www.onwar.eu/2010/07/27/pocitani-kontraktoru/ (20.1.2012)
The New York Times (2008) US opens way for trial of 6 Blackwater guards, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/world/americas/17iht-black.4.15366940.html?_r=1 (1.4.2012)
The Telegraph (2010) Afghanistan ban on security firms delayed by two months, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8090771/Afghanistan-ban-on-security-firms-delayed-by-two-months.html (12.1.2012)
The US Army (2010) LOGCAP III Task Order continues support in Iraq. The official homepage of the United States Army, http://www.army.mil/article/38607/logcap-iii-task-order-continues-support-in-iraq/ (16.3.2012)
The US General Accounting Office (1994) Peace Operations: Withdrawal of US Troops from Somalia. Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO/NSLAD-94-175, http://gao.justia.com/department-of-defense/1994/6/peace-operations-nsiad-94-175/NSIAD-94-175-full-report.pdf (19.3.2012)
The Washington Times (2006) Iraq tackles police reform, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jan/10/20060110-103848-6388r/?page=all (27.2.2012)
The White House (1994) Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-25, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/pdd-25.pdf (9.1.2012)
The World Bank (1998) Post-conflict Reconstruction. The Role of the World Bank, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1998/04/693637/post-conflict-reconstruction-role-world-bank (19.2.2012)
Tilson, John C. (1997) The Role of External Support in Total Force Planning. Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) Paper P-3344, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a339732.pdf (17.1.2012)
Ukman, Jason (2011) Ex-Blackwater firm gets a name change, again. The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint-washington/post/ex-blackwater-firm-gets-a-name-change-again/2011/12/12/gIQAXf4YpO_blog.html (25.4.2012)
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) (2007) Governance Strategies for Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Sustainable Peace and Development. UN DESA Discussion Paper – GPAB/REGOPA Cluster, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028332.pdf (8.3.2012)
UN General Assembly (1989) International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries. A/RES/44/34, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r034.htm (30.3.2012)
US Department of Defence (2005) Report to Congress on Contractors Supporting US Forces and Reconstruction in Iraq. Public Law 108-375, Section 1206 Report, http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/1206report.pdf (16.2.2012)
US Government (2009) US Government Counterinsurgency Guide. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/119629.pdf (11.4.2012)
Vardi, Nathan (2009) DynCorp Takes Afghanistan. Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/dyncorp-kbr-afghanistan-business-logistics-dyncorp.html (8.1.2012)
Washburn, David (2005) Titan Gets Extention in Interpreters Contract. San Diego Union Tribune, http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050720/news_1b20titan.html (5.4.2012)
US Government (2009) US Government Counterinsurgency Guide. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/119629.pdf (11.4.2012)
Vardi, Nathan (2009) DynCorp Takes Afghanistan. Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/dyncorp-kbr-afghanistan-business-logistics-dyncorp.html (8.1.2012)
Washburn, David (2005) Titan Gets Extention in Interpreters Contract. San Diego Union Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050720/news_1b20titan.html (5.4.2012)

Předběžná náplň práce

2. Outline of the thesis
Introduction

1. Definitions and typology: In the beginning, I will point out the typologies of private force in international system. There are three main types: mercenaries, combat PMCs and security or non-combat PMCs. Secondly, I will outline various definitions of PMCs used by different authors. Finally, I will provide the overview of the main dilemmas of the use of PMCs when used for security reform.
• Dilemmas of the use of PMCs:
a. Moral objections: fighting for money without attachment to the conflict;
b. Use of lethal force and weak accountability. Regulation is missing in areas of extraterritorial jurisdiction of states;
c. Impact on the strategic balance of the conflict;
d. International law regulates the use of force of states but not of PMCs;
e. International law defines the mercenary, however obstacles to define the private contractors as mercenaries exist;
f. Quality control issue.

3. Security sector reform: The second chapter will discuss various areas of security sector reform, which includes reform of army, police and paramilitary forces. Furthermore, the reform comprises of military, political and societal forces that control the means of violence. I will examine the forms of security sector reform on national and international level. In the second part of the chapter I will explore the advantages and limitations of PMCs assistance in security sector reforms.

3. Historical overview: In the second chapter, I will explore the use of private military contractors in the USA in the past. The use of mercenaries is mentioned already in the War for Independence in the years 1776-1783. I will, however, focus mainly on the development after the Cold War and the case of Iraq.

4. The case study: The role of the U.S. PMCs in Iraq with the focus on the security sector reform since 2003.

The security sector reform in Iraq has from a large part been handled by PMCs. In 2004, contracts for $50 million and $48 million were signed with DynCorp International and Vinell and moreover, U.S. Congress approved $18,4 billion for security sector reform. Fourth chapter will focus on the performance of PMCs in Iraq in the area of security sector reform. I will discuss the limitation of their involvement such as the lack of legal accountability since the contractors providing the police training are not subject to the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act. Furthermore, I will examine also the potential benefits such as flexibility, high level of experience and ability to deploy in the short notice.

Conclusion

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce